<p>Yongala Lodge is a heritage-listed detached house at 11 Fryer Street, North Ward, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Rooney Brothers and built from to 1930s by Rooney Brothers. It is also known as Lister Private Hospital, Matthew Rooney&#39;s Residence, and Nestle Private Hospital. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 August 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The earliest section of this two-storeyed, former residence was erected between 1883 and 1887, on land acquired by Townsville builders and timber merchants John and Matthew Rooney, in mid-1883.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1860s, Irish immigrants John and Jacob Rooney had established a building and timber-milling business at Maryborough, where later they were joined by their brother Matthew. In the late 1870s John and Matthew established a branch of J & J Rooney, builders, at Townsville, which was developing as the port for the Ravenswood and Charters Towers goldfields. In 1882 John and Matthew established their own business interests at Townsville, setting up the firms of Rooney Bros (architects, builders and contractors) and, in partnership with James Harvey, the timber-milling enterprise of Rooney & Co. By the mid-1880s they were operating their own fleet of small vessels to bring timber from Maryborough and other Queensland ports to their mill and factory on Ross Creek.</p><br>
<p>By controlling every stage of the building process - logging, milling, prefabrication, design, construction, hardware supply, and later furniture manufacture and paint sales -and by adopting highly mechanised production techniques and large volume turnovers, Rooneys&#39; dominated the North Queensland building industry until the early years of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Matthew Rooney&#39;s house in Fryer Street exhibits decorative finishes typical of a Rooney building - including the distinctive cast-iron balustrading and the remnant timber moulding of the lower verandah frieze - and was one of few two-storeyed, timber residences erected in Townsville before the turn-of-the-century. Constructed entirely of Oregon pine, initially it comprised two rooms on each floor, with a single-storeyed kitchen house at the rear, and verandahs front and back. By 1900 the kitchen house had been replaced with a two-storeyed rear extension, and verandahs had been added at the rear and along the northeast side. Part of the latter was enclosed.</p><br>
<p>Rooney and his family do not appear to have occupied the Fryer Street residence until the early 1890s. Matthew Rooney was a prominent Townsville citizen, first chairman of the Townsville Harbour Board, 1896–97, and a strong supporter of the Catholic Church. On 23 March 1911 he, his wife and his youngest daughter were drowned in the wreck of the SS Yongala, south of Townsville. The Rooney firms were already losing their pre-eminence in the North Queensland building industry, and after Matthew&#39;s death, declined rapidly. The heirs reconstructed as Rooneys Limited, concentrating on building prefabrication initially, then furniture manufacture and retail trading, until winding up the firm in 1946.</p><br>
<p>In 1916 the Fryer Street house was leased to matron Katherine Terry, who converted it into the Nestle Private Hospital (renamed Lister Private Hospital by 1919). In 1926 Rooneys Ltd sold the property, which coincides with its conversion to Lister Flats. Between c.1925 and c.1933 a two-storeyed enclosed verandah was added to the southwestern side, and a single-storeyed extension at the rear probably dates to the mid to late 1930s.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1980s the building was renovated as part of the Yongala Lodge motel.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Yongala lodge is a two-storeyed, L-shaped timber building which is currently used as a restaurant and managers residence. The building is located at the base of Melton Hill and fronts Fryer Street to the northwest.</p><br>
<p>The building has a hipped corrugated iron roof and is surrounded by two-storeyed verandahs, with the southeast side being enclosed. The original central section of the building has decorative cross-braced cast iron balustrade and single-skin, exposed frame construction. The later side verandahs have cross-braced timber balustrade and more recent timber brackets. Most of the northeast wall has been enclosed with chamferboard and a pergola structure attached to the northwest front. A decorative cantilevered timber porch with a concave corrugated iron awning has been added to the front entry. The rear of the building has been clad with vinyl boarding.</p><br>
<p>The main entry features a panelled timber door with patterned glass fan and sidelights surrounded by timber pilasters supporting a large cornice. French doors with fanlights open onto verandahs on both levels.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building has a central corridor opening into dining rooms, a bar and kitchen. The dining area has had fretwork arches added, and existing arched openings have had their balustrade removed. A central stair, with turned timber balustrade and twin flights from the landing, leads to the first floor dining and the managers residence at the rear. A steel framed stair has been recently inserted on the southwest to meet fire regulations.</p><br>
<p>A lower two-storeyed brick motel wing is attached to the rear of the building. A higher, two-storeyed, split level brick motel block has been built on the site&#39;s rear rocky slope. An inground concrete swimming pool is located to south of the building surrounded by bitumen driveway and carparking.</p><br>
<p>The southern section of the site consists of a steep rocky slope at the base of Melton Hill.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Yongala Lodge was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 August 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The manager&#39;s residence/restaurant of Yongala Lodge has a strong historical connection with early Townsville builder and businessman Matthew Rooney, who, through the family building firms of Rooney Bros and Rooney & Co., made a substantial contribution to the development of North Queensland in the latter part of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Constructed for Matthew Rooney in the mid-1880s, and occupied by him and his family, the building is important in illustrating the work of these important North Queensland building industry firms, and was one of the few two-storeyed, timber residences erected in 19th century Townsville.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is now even more rare, being the only identified, 19th century, two-storyed residence to survive in Townsville, and retains sufficient original fabric to be illustrative of its type.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>In addition, the building contains some elements of individual architectural merit including the finely detailed staircase and entrance, the cantilevered porch and the construction technique of exposed framing.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building makes an aesthetic contribution to the streetscape of Fryer Street, particularly in the quality of some of its architectural elements, including the cast iron balustrade, main entry door and surround.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The manager&#39;s residence/restaurant of Yongala Lodge has a strong historical connection with early Townsville builder and businessman Matthew Rooney, who, through the family building firms of Rooney Bros and Rooney & Co., made a substantial contribution to the development of North Queensland in the latter part of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Constructed for Matthew Rooney in the mid-1880s, and occupied by him and his family, the building is important in illustrating the work of these important North Queensland building industry firms, and was one of the few two-storeyed, timber residences erected in 19th century Townsville.</p><br>
<p>The Adams–Chadeayne–Taft Estate is a set of two historic homes and a pottery works ruin located at Cornwall-on-Hudson in Orange County, New York. It includes the Nathaniel Adams House , Clark-King House , and site of the Clark Stoneware Works . The Nathaniel Adams House is a 2 1/2-story, square plan, brick dwelling topped by a low hipped roof. The interior features extensive Trompe-l&#39;œil. The Clark-King House consists of a three-story main block flanked by lower two-story wings. The interior features Federal style woodwork. Associated with the Clark-King House are the contributing cistern and cast iron gateposts. The ruins of the Clark Stoneware Works include a section of a stone wall and the remains of a brick kiln.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 27, 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Bremen Town House, formerly Bremen Town Hall is a historic municipal building on Maine State Route 32 in Bremen, Maine. Built in 1874 and sympathetically enlarged in 1938, it served for many years as the community&#39;s town hall, and continues to serve the community as one of its major social gathering points. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Bremen Town House is located near the geographic center of Bremen, on the east side of Waldoboro Road (SR 32), the major north-south route through the community. The building is a two story wood frame structure, with an L-shaped plan and gabled roof. Its exterior is clad in clapboards, and the building rests on a stone foundation. The original main block is oriented with its gable end to the street, the original main entrance framed by simple molding and topped by a cornice. Bays to either side house sash windows on both the first and second floors, and there is a fifth window in the gable. A lower two-story cross-gabled addition extends to its right, its side flush to the front of the main block. Its street-facing facade has single windows on both levels, set near the far right corner. There is a second entrance in the addition&#39;s south side, trimmed in a manner similar to the original front door.</p><br>
<p>The building was erected in 1874 by a local chapter of the Good Templars, a temperance organization. In 1877 the town began to use it for town meetings, and purchased the building outright in 1884. It was used as a government and social meeting venue until 1959, when the town moved its functions into new facilities. It continues to be owned by the town, and continues to function as a community meeting place. The building was enlarged in 1938, the ell adding a kitchen and space for the town selectmen. The town continues to own the building, which is managed under lease by a local nonprofit.</p><br>
<p>The Scribner Homestead is a historic house at 244 Scribner&#39;s Mill Road in Harrison, Maine. Built in 1849, it was for several generations home to the operators of the adjacent Barrows-Scribner Mill, and is a well-preserved example of vernacular Greek Revival architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Scribner Homestead stands in a remote rural area of eastern Harrison, on the north side of Scribners Mill Road just west of the Crooked River, which forms Harrisons eastern border with Otisfield. The mill complex is located on the south side of the road, directly abutting the river. The homestead is a typical 19th-century connected house, with a 2-1/2 story main block connected via an extended wing to a barn. The main block is oriented facing east, and is finished in clapboards and set on a stone foundation. It has a gabled roof, with a short gable-roofed ell extending to the west. The front facade is three bays wide, with a center entrance flanked by sidelight windows and pilasters, and topped by an entablature. The interior has a center hall plan, with an early 20th-century kitchen in the western ell.</p><br>
<p>The mill complex, a small collection of wood frame buildings (now partially rebuilt after suffering extensive weather-related damage), was established in the late 1840s by Dr. Horace Barrows. The exact construction date of the house is not known, but it appears to have been between 1849 and 1851, when Barrows sold the property, with house, to Elijah Scribner. The house and mill remained in the hands of Scribner descendants until 1984, when the mill was sold to Scribner&#39;s Mill Preservation, and the house to an individual associated with that preservation organization.</p><br>
<p>The Munro-Hawkins House is a historic house on Vermont Route 7A in southern Shaftsbury, Vermont. Built in 1807, it is a well-preserved example of transitional Georgian-Federal period architecture, designed by local master builder Lavius Fillmore. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Munro-Hawkins House is located in southern Shaftsbury, on the east side of Vermont 7A, north of its junction with Airport Road. It is a two story wood frame structure, five bays wide, with a side gable roof, clapboard siding, and two interior brick chimneys. A single-story gabled ell extends to the rear of the west-facing main block. Fluted Ionic pilasters articulate the building corners and flank the central front bay, supporting an entablature and modillioned cornice. The main entrance is flanked by slender Ionic columns, and is topped by a fanlight window that breaks a gabled pediment. Above the entry is a Palladian window, its windows separated by pilasters, with a gabled pediment. A small gable rises on the roof above. The gable ends at the sides of the house are fully pedimented, and have half-round windows at their centers. The interior, organized in a central hall plan, retains original marble fireplace surrounds and woodwork.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1807, and is attributed to Lavius Fillmore, a noted regional master builder. It was built for Joseph Munro (or Monroe), a wealthy farmer, and served as a farmhouse for many years. It represents a high-quality local example of transitional architecture between the Georgian and Federal styles.</p><br>
<p>The Palarm Bayou Pioneer Cemetery is a historic cemetery in a rural-suburban area of northern Pulaski County, Arkansas. It is located northwest of Maumelle, between the Arkansas River Trail  and Palarm Creek, on a rise that is now part of the gated Mountain Crest residential subdivision. The small cemetery, with just ten marked graves, stands at the top of a rise north of Mt. Pilgrim Baptist Church. Nine of the graves are surrounded by a low stone wall, while one is set outside that enclosure, surrounded by a wrought iron fence. The oldest of the marked graves is that of Daniel Wilson, who died in 1837. The cemetery is probably one of the county&#39;s oldest.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Condon Brothers and R. H. Shumway Building, located at 624-642 Cedar Street in Rockford, Illinois, is the historic headquarters of the Condon Brothers and R. H. Shumway seed companies. The building was built in 1912 for the Condon Brothers, a family-run company founded two years earlier. In 1933, the Condon Brothers merged with the R. H. Shumway Company; while the two firms still advertised separately, they both operated out of the Cedar Street building. The firms mainly sold their seeds by mail order, sending out two million catalogs a year at their peak; they were among the largest seed companies in the world and helped make seed sales a key piece of Rockfords economy. The headquarters building was used to mail catalogs and process orders as well as to clean and refine seeds before sending them to customers. The companies closed in the 1980s; their headquarters is one of the few surviving buildings from Rockfords seed industry.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 18, 2015.</p><br>
<p>Inishmeane is a small island and a townland off the coast of Gweedore, County Donegal, Ireland and was once home to a vibrant fishing community. The island has been unpopulated for decades but in recent years some people have started to return.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Inishmeane is around 1 kilometre off the coast of Gweedore. It lies between Gola Island (South-East) and Inishsirrer (North).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was inhabited up until the 1960s; today most of the buildings are derelict, but about eight have been renovated for use as holiday homes or permanent habitation.</p><br>
<p>On Inishmeane there is no electricity nor freshwater public supply.</p><br>
<p>A concrete pier was installed during the celtic tiger years to allow residents to moor their boats.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The table below reports data on Inishmeane&#39;s population taken from Discover the Islands of Ireland (Alex Ritsema, Collins Press, 1999) and the Census of Ireland.</p><br>
<p>The Edmund King House is a historic residence on the campus of the University of Montevallo in Montevallo, Alabama. The house was built by Edmund King, a native Virginian who arrived in Alabama in 1817. First building a log cabin, he built the house in 1823. After becoming a successful planter and businessman, he donated land for churches, roads, and schools, including for the Alabama Girls Industrial School . Upon his death in 1863, the house passed to a son-in-law, and was deeded to the Industrial School in 1908. The house has been used as a classroom, an office building, an infirmary, a home economics practice home, and a summer home for male students. Today, the home is used as a guest house for visitors to the University.</p><br>
<p>The Federal-style house is two stories, and built of brick laid in English bond. The central main entrance is topped with a four-light transom. The entrance and flanking windows are spanned with flat, flared arches which are stuccoed to resemble stone. Windows on the ground floor are nine-over-six sashes, with six-over-six sashes on the upper floor. The interior is a center-hall plan, with two rooms on either side of a central hallway on both floors. Each room contains an Adamesque fireplace mantel. The exterior was stuccoed and scored to imitate stone in the mid-19th century, and a front portico and rear ell were also later additions. These features were removed in a 1973–74 restoration.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>Townsville Baptist Church is a former heritage-listed church building at 513 Sturt Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1922. Since 1985, it has been occupied by the Potter&#39;s House Christian Fellowship. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 February 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Townsville Baptist Church is a rendered masonry church with attached timber hall, built in 1922 using secondhand bricks from another building and salvaged timber from a previous church on the site that was damaged by Cyclone Leonta in 1903. The church was sold by the Baptist Church in 1981, but its use as a place of worship and meeting has continued.</p><br>
<p>Services of worship for members of the Baptist Church commenced in Townsville in January 1888 in rented premises. In 1891 the Townsville Baptist Church bought the land and two cottages (at the rear of the allotment) from the original landholder, Duncan McVean, for £500. At the time the allotment took up one half of the length of Fletcher Street between Sturt and Walker streets. This block has been subdivided, re-subdivided and amalgamated but the front portion facing Sturt Street was in continuous use by the Baptist Church from its purchase until its sale in 1981 when the Church moved to Kirwan.</p><br>
<p>In 1893, a vacant Congregationalist church building and contents were purchased and re-erected on the Sturt Street site. The first service was held in November 1893. In January 1903 the building was damaged by Cyclone Leonta. What could be salvaged was used to erect a church hall. Church records from 1912 reveal that this structure was intended to be temporary. A building fund was set up for a new church and hall, but it was not until 1922 that a replacement church was built. Lack of funds precluded a completely new building. Therefore a second hand one was found in the form of a disused powder magazine, eight miles from Townsville at Brookhill and purchased. The congregation dismantled and cleaned around 30,000 bricks. The building contract was signed for £832/6/- and the foundation stone was laid on 8 July 1922. It is highly likely that at this time the old timber church hall was attached to the rear of the new church.</p><br>
<p>Church records reveal that work to the hall was carried out in 1949. In 1957-58 steps were constructed to the rear and the guttering and downpipes were replaced. In 1959-60, the Townsville City Council resumed eight feet of the property at the front of the church for road purposes, which brought the front steps to the edge of the footpath. The front stone retaining wall was built by the council in 1962. The concrete toilet block was added to the church hall in 1969-70 and the Church was repaired in 1971-2 following damage sustained during Cyclone Althea.</p><br>
<p>In 1981, the land and buildings were sold because the Townsville City Church and the Currajong Baptist Church were both too small. The congregations decided to combine and bought a new property at Kirwan. The Sturt Street property was onsold four additional times until the present owners purchased the property in 1994. It has been occupied and used as a place of worship by the Potter&#39;s House Christian Fellowship since approximately 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Townsville Baptist Church is prominently located on the corner of Sturt and Fletcher Streets, Townsville. The site is 521m2 in area and is located on a side road on the northern side of Sturt Street overlooking Ross Creek. Plantings on the site include palms and frangipani with recent garden beds.</p><br>
<p>The church is a single storey rendered brick building with buttressed walls built directly onto the exposed granite surface of the site. The natural contours of the granite are readily visible within the grounds and along the length of the building. The church has a timber floor, corrugated iron roof and a simple rectangular form with a small front entrance porch facing Sturt Street. The porch and church proper have gable ends lined with boards and decorated with timber battens and finial. The northern end of the church roof is hipped.</p><br>
<p>Stairs leading from the entrance porch meet the footpath. There are five pointed arch windows along each side wall of the church, with one either side of the front entrance in the southern wall. The windows have pairs of 3 light sashes and comprise an irregular mix of coloured and plain glass panes. The entrance porch houses a pointed arch double door to the southern elevation and single pointed arch window with 2-light sashes to its side walls.</p><br>
<p>The hall is attached at right angles to the rear of the church and is a single storey timber framed and lined and clad building raised on stumps with a gabled corrugated iron roof and boarded ceiling. Timber battens are located around the understorey. The exterior weatherboard cladding has been lined with plastic moulded weatherboard sheeting. There are two pointed arch windows with single 6 light sashes to the western wall and 7 pointed arch windows in the northern wall which also contain a mix of coloured and plain glass panes. At the eastern end, toilets have been constructed of concrete block with a corrugated iron skillion roof. The hall and toilets are not considered to be of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the church is a simple open space with decorative embellishment. A platform is located across the northern end of the church from which a pair of doors lead into the hall. A pointed arch in the southern end provides access to the entrance porch. The walls are rendered and the coffered ceiling is lined with beaded boards. The ceiling houses 5 fretwork ceiling roses positioned between the tie rods which brace the building.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Townsville Baptist Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 February 2004 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Townsville Baptist Church site demonstrates part of the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history through its continued use as a place of Christian worship since 1893, and particularly in its association with the Baptist Church from 1893 until 1981.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The principal structure on the site comprises a substantially intact early 20th Century Baptist church (1922) which is important in illustrating the principal characteristics of its type, reflecting in the lack of ornate decorative detailing and plain interiors, the essence of Protestant worship.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Located on a rise on the northern side of Sturt Street, the Townsville Baptist Church makes a contribution to the streetscape at the intersection of the residential and commercial areas.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The church, valued by the community as a meeting place for the Baptist Church community, demonstrates the commitment and resourcefulness of that community, which, with limited funds, was able to erect the present building, by the salvaging and recycling of other buildings and materials, both on and off site.</p><br>
<p>The Second AMP Building is a heritage-listed office building at 416-418 Flinders Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Hall and Cook and built from 1937 to 1938 by Stuart Brothers. It is also known as the former AMP Building and Connolly Suthers Lawyers. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 1 August 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Australian Mutual Provident Society building (AMP Society), located on the corner of Flinders and Stanley Streets, Townsville, was completed in 1938. It was the second building in Townsville to be purpose-designed for the AMP as its North Queensland regional office.</p><br>
<p>The Australian Mutual Provident Society was formed in 1849 to provide facilities for life assurance on the mutual principle for people in New South Wales. Within fifty years of its inception it was well known for its application of bonuses, and also for the "practice of sustaining policies in force by advancing premiums from the surrender value".</p><br>
<p>On 31 August 1848 Rev William Horatio Walsh, Thomas Holt, Thomas Sutcliffe Mort, Chas Lowe and William Perry met in Sydney to discuss the formation and prospectus of a company to provide life assurance. The company was formed under the then Friendly Society&#39;s Act.</p><br>
<p>Only 321 policies had been issued by the Society during the five years from its inception but by 1856 it was felt necessary to obtain an Act of Incorporation. The Friendly Societies&#39; Act, under which the Society was registered, did not afford sufficient opportunity for the expansion and extension of its business. The Act was assented to by Parliament on 18 March 1857. The Act provided for the first time in any country for the protection within certain limits of the proceeds of life policies and annuities against the claims of creditors, and this Society was the first office in the world to issue policies subject to this protection.</p><br>
<p>As the business of the Society progressed, agencies were extended throughout the Australasian colonies, with branches in New Zealand and England. A district agency was established in Townsville in April 1883 in rented premises consisting of a galvanized iron-roofed wooden building about 16 by 12. It serviced North Queensland centres as far a field as Cooktown, Mossman, Ravenswood, Winton, Mackay, Blackall and Tambo, and loans and mortgages from the Society could be raised against policy or property.</p><br>
<p>By the mid-1880s the Townsville branch had proved so successful that substantial new accommodation for the Society was proposed, on a site fronting Flinders Street East, then Townsville&#39;s principal business address. The land was purchased in 1885 at a cost of £1400. The First AMP Building in Townsville was an impressive two-storeyed brick building, designed by Sydney architects CHE Blackmann and John (later Sir John) Sulman, was erected in 1886/87 and occupied in January 1888.</p><br>
<p>Townsville members of the Society (policy holders) requested the establishment of a Local Board in October 1887. Problems raised in relation to the establishment of a Local Board included the estimated considerable cost involved and, if the request was granted, an expected demand for Local Boards at Maryborough and Rockhampton. The whole question appeared to depend on "separation" of the proposed Colony of North Queensland. It was decided that Townsville was not sufficiently advanced for the establishment of a Branch, but the progress of the "separation movement" should be watched and, should a decision for separation be made that a Local Branch would be established at whichever of the northern towns to be selected as the capital of the new colony.</p><br>
<p>By 1937 it was decided by the Society that, with the industrial growth and development of North Queensland, larger premises must be constructed. This building, designed by Brisbane architects Francis Hall and Harold Cook, and built by Stuart Bros Pty Ltd, was again located in Flinders Street, but further west, to where the focus of commercial activity had shifted. Local labour and materials were used where possible on the construction of the building with the pink granite facing from the Hervey Range area being mined and installed by Melrose and Fenwick, prominent local stonemasons.</p><br>
<p>The three storey brick building, with a frontage of 33 ft to Flinders Street and 114 ft 9 inches along Sturt Street, was officially opened on the 21 February 1938 by the Deputy Chairman of the AMPs Queensland Board, Brigadier-General Lachlan Chisholm Wilson. The ground floor was occupied by the Society, with two offices let to tenants, and the first and second floors set aside for letting purposes. Provision was made for caretakers quarters. The building is described in 1938 as having lighting, power, sanitation and air-conditioning designed on the most modern lines. It was the first building in Townsville to have air-conditioning.</p><br>
<p>The AMP Society was active in assisting the economic development of the Townsville community during a period of worldwide financial unrest. A 650 ft extension of the Townsville wharf was completed in June 1929 with a loan of £25,000 from the Society to the Harbour Board.</p><br>
<p>The Townsville AMP Building with its conservative expression through the use of classical motifs, symmetry and pediments is a typical example of an Insurance building of the inter-war period. A restrained classical style was popular for public buildings during the 1920s and 1930s throughout the country and provided a solid image for insurance companies, banks and government buildings.</p><br>
<p>Above the pediment was a marble tableau illustrating the Societys motto Amicus certus in re incerta. Until the Societys logo was changed in 1988, an Amicus tableau was erected on every AMP building, and usually was removed when the Society no longer occupied the premises. At Townsville, the Amicus was moved from the 1886/87 building at Flinders Street East to the new building at the corner of Stanley and Flinders Streets when the AMP shifted in 1938. The tableau depicts an erect female figure, with a cornucopia by her right side, holding the palm of victory above a seated woman and child to her left. To her right is a seated male figure, alienated from the family grouping.</p><br>
<p>The origin of the Amicus statues dates to the establishment of the Society in 1857. From its inception, AMP Society policies featured a steel engraving of the port of Sydney, and underneath, a representation of the Societys seal, designed by artist OR Campbell. The seal comprised a central figure with plume and cornucopia, two subordinate figures, a castle and a rising sun. At the foot of the statuary appeared the Societys motto: "Amicus Certus in Re Incerta". During a period of rapid growth in the 1860s a Victorian sculptor, J Summers, was commissioned to execute the Society&#39;s seal as a statuary tableaux for its headquarters building in Pitt Street, Sydney. The Amicus statue soon became a familiar icon on all AMP buildings.</p><br>
<p>The 1938 building underwent a restoration process in 1978 at a cost of $600,000. The wood panelling and the ceiling in the main chamber were restored, the granite plinth was partially sandblasted and the exterior of the building painted.</p><br>
<p>The building was purchased in the mid 1990s by Connolly & Suthers, a prominent Townsville law firm.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former AMP Society Building is situated on the corner of Flinders and Stanley Streets, at the western end of Flinders Street Mall. A five storeyed steel framed structure with concrete floors and cement rendered brick infill walls, it consists of three main floors, a basement and a smaller upper level which contains a former caretakers flat and roof deck. Prominently located in Townsville&#39;s main street, the building has a simple rectangular form distinguished by elegant proportions and street facades that are decorated in a stripped classical manner.</p><br>
<p>The building has a frontage of 33 feet (10.05m) to Flinders Street and 114 feet 9 inches (34.97m) to Stanley Street. Built to the property alignments, the street facades are treated with banded rustication. The base of the building and decorative elements around the main entrance are faced with red granite. A frieze with medallions delineates the first floor level. A further frieze at the top of the building is inscribed with the AMP name. Above the cornice, a parapet wall with alternating panels of blank wall and classical balusters forms the balustrade around the roof deck level. The uppermost level, a few rooms in a simplified classical style, is visible behind the parapet.</p><br>
<p>Along Stanley Street the ground slopes down from the Flinders Street corner revealing the basement level. A timber panelled door, situated at the southeastern end of the Stanley Street elevation, opens directly into the basement. Windows to the basement level are fitted with wrought iron grilles. The simple repetitive Stanley Street facade has rows of generously proportioned timber double hung windows.</p><br>
<p>The tall narrow Flinders Street facade, being the front of the building, is the most embellished. The main entrance is in the center of this symmetrical facade with a window on either side. The entrance has a decorative surround in red granite. A cornice over the entrance supports a cartouche. The window immediately above the entrance is surmounted by a broken bed pediment. Other windows on this level have a projecting cornice where as the windows on the levels above and below have only simple architraves. The AMP Society emblematic statuary complete with flagpole is located above the entrance at the roof deck level, further emphasizing the center of the Flinders Street facade.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor level is raised slightly above the Flinders Street pavement. Three granite steps lead to paneled entrance doors with a metal transom grille over, in a pattern reminiscent of fish scales. The richly finished entrance vestibule is lined with a reddish marble. A pair of glazed timber doors with brass handles and kickplate and an elaborate fanlight over opens onto the main business chamber. A dogleg terrazzo stair, which extends to the roof level, has a timber handrail and decorative wrought iron balustrade. The walls in the stairwell are lined with black and yellow ochre coloured tiles.</p><br>
<p>The loftily proportioned business chamber retains many original fittings and finishes including timber paneling, timber counters with marble tops and timber and glass screens. A coffered plaster ceiling with large cornices is supported by pilasters with Corinthian capitals.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Australian Mutual Provident Society Building (former) was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 1 August 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former AMP Building, the third premises of the Society in Townsville, demonstrates the evolution of commerce in north Queensland and its contribution to the development of Townsville as a regional centre. The new location shows the shift to the west, of the focus of business activity on Flinders Street since the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Townsville AMP Building is an intact example of a commercial building of the interwar period and retains many of its original fittings and finishes. Designed in a restrained classical style with an ordered arrangement of internal spaces, it is an excellent example of an insurance building of the period.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The AMP building, a landmark at the intersection of Flinders and Stanley Streets, contributes to the streetscape of Flinders Street through its prominent location and carefully designed facades. Along with other two-storey buildings in Flinders Street, it enhances the visual impact of the street. It is an important part of the historic streetscape of Flinders street, which has long been the main street of Townsville.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building, with its emblematic statuary and name emblazoned on the facade of the building, has clear associations with the AMP society, a company that was, and still is, well known and important in Queenslands history. The buildings prominent street address and strong architectural design reflects the companys powerful presence in the main streets of many of Queenslands towns and cities. The building was designed by prominent architects Hall and Cook, who also designed the AMP&#39;s Queensland headquarters erected in Brisbane in 1931-34, and who had a notable presence in North Queensland in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The North Bennington Depot is a historic railroad station at Depot Street and Buckley Road in North Bennington, Vermont. Built in 1880 as a passenger station, this Second Empire brick building is a surviving reminder of North Bennington&#39;s former importance as a major railroad hub in southwestern Vermont. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The North Bennington Depot is located north of the village center of North Bennington, at the corner of Buckley Road and Depot Street. It is set on the south side of railroad track operated by the Vermont Railway, and just west of a junction with a spur line leading to downtown Bennington. The depot is a two story brick structure, with a mansard roof and a foundation of cut marble. The roof has a cornice studded with brackets, and is composed of multicolored slate. Its mansard section is lined with gabled dormers housing round-arch windows, and there is a mansarded tower rising near the center of the street-facing facade. The ground floor exterior of the building is sheltered by flared canopies supported by large carved knee brackets. The interior is functionally divided into two waiting areas, with an octagonal ticket office between them on the track side. A small single-storage luggage area extends from one end of the building.</p><br>
<p>In the 19th century, North Bennington developed as a major railway junction, joining the Rutland Railroad with lines serving New York and Massachusetts. This station was built by the Rutland Railroad in 1880 to improve passenger service along these lines, replacing an older wood frame structure. Ridership, and the railroad&#39;s solvency, declined in the 1930s, and the station was eventually abandoned. It was rescued from threatened demolition and restored in the 1970s, initially used to house municipal offices.</p><br>
<p>At 172-years-old, the Pike House is one of Michigan’s historical treasures. Built in 1844, it is one of the oldest homes still standing in Michigan and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The name, the Pike House, comes from the original occupier, Abram W. Pike. Abram Pike, a fur trader, came to Michigan in 1827. Pike lived in Port Sheldon on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of the Pigeon River, and was employed as the company clerk for the Port Sheldon Land Company.</p><br>
<p>At the time, there were hopes that Port Sheldon would become a major metropolis. Though this vision was never fully realized, the Ottawa House Hotel was completed before the project’s eventual financial ruin. The Ottawa House Hotel was only open for five years but was recognized as one of the most impressive buildings in Port Sheldon. When Abram Pike relocated to Grand Rapids in 1844 he had four of the six pillars from the grandiose Ottawa House Hotel drug by ox and attached to the front of his home, which now stands—unmistakably—at 230 E. Fulton St.</p><br>
<p>The house was occupied as a family residence until 1922. In 1922, it was turned into the Grand Rapids Art Gallery—now the Grand Rapids Art Museum—and remained so until the museum moved in 1978. In 2014, amidst building renovations, workers uncovered an original “Grand Rapids Art Museum” sign, painted in large, bold letters atop the entry-way to the Pike House.</p><br>
<p>In 2014 the Pike House was purchased by Grand Rapids bankruptcy law firm, Keller & Almassian, PLC, who remain in the property today.</p><br>
<h2>Historical Connections</h2><br>
<p>Many prominent players in Grand Rapids&#39; history have a link to the Abram W. Pike House, Abram Pike himself being just one.</p><br>
<h3>and the</h3><br>
<p>Abram Pike came from Ohio to serve as the company clerk for the Port Sheldon Land Company. Pike was a business man and successful fur trader. He was known for his friendly relations and business dealings with Native Americans and even spoke a few different local dialects. was supposed to be a great metropolis of the "West" by capitalizing on the locations abundance of natural resources and the prevalence of the shipping industry on Lake Michigan. A notable, completed work of Port Sheldon was the Ottawa House Hotel. The grandoise hotel opened its doors in 1839. By 1847 the structure was being pillaged for lumber and firewood. Port Sheldon had gone bankrupt. After staying behind to sell off the companys remaining assets, Pike then drug, by Ox, four of the six pillars from the front of the Ottawa House Hotel to Grand Rapids where he constructed his residence at 230 E Fulton.</p><br>
<h3>and the Grand Rapids Art Museum</h3><br>
<p>Emily Jewell married Melvin J. Clark in 1861 in Solon Township, West Michigan. The two quickly rose to prominence in the Grand Rapids business and socialite community. Mrs. Clark is known to this day for her many philanthropic contributions to the Grand Rapids community and surrounding area. In 1920, Mrs. Clark purchased the Pike House with intent to bequeath the property to the Art Association of Grand Rapids, misplaced of a permanent home for their gallery. In 1922 230 E. Fulton became the first Grand Rapids Art Gallery, known today as the Grand Rapids Art Museum, and remained so until the Museum relocated in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural Description</h2><br>
<p>Date of construction: 1844</p><br>
<p>Architectural significance: Four large white columns on the front exterior of the house. Antebellum Greek Revival style architecture.</p><br>
<p>Dorothy Pratt said of 230 E Fulton in "A Guide to Early American Homes": "This is one of the outstanding Greek Re-vival houses in Michigan, built by Abram Pike and occupied as a family residence until 1922."</p><br>
<h2>Mathias Alten Discovery</h2><br>
<p>In 2014, during building renovations, a large painted sign reading "Grand Rapids Art Museum" was uncovered across the top of the exterior entry way to building. This was a historical discovery in itself however, in the days following a special visitor provided more insight into the sign. The granddaughter of Mathias Alten, still residing in the area, stopped by the property to say that the sign was painted by her grandfather when he was a young man, new to Grand Rapids. Mathias Alten would go on to become a famous painter and local pride of Grand Rapids and West Michigan, adding to the significance of this discovery in both the historic and artistic communities.</p><br>
<h2>Timeline</h2><br>
<p>1842 Port Sheldon Company declared bankrupt</p><br>
<p>1844 Abram Pike constructs residence at 230 E. Fulton</p><br>
<p>1844-1922 230 E. Fulton is occupied as the Pike&#39;s family residence.</p><br>
<p>1920 donates $50,000 to fund the purchase of 230 E Fulton as the first permanent location for the Grand Rapids Art Gallery, now Grand Rapids Art Museum.</p><br>
<p>1924 Grand Rapids Art Gallery opens</p><br>
<p>1928 Construction, 1st addition to house completed</p><br>
<p>1930 2nd edition completed</p><br>
<p>1978 Grand Rapids Art Gallery moves out of 230 E Fulton</p><br>
<p>1985 Design Quest furniture purchases Pike House</p><br>
<p>1990 J.T. French Co. furniture design resource center purchases Pike House</p><br>
<p>2009 Design Plus Inc. Architects purchases Pike House</p><br>
<p>2014 Keller & Almassian, PLC purchases Pike House</p><br>
<p>The Washington Apartments are a historic apartment complex in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The property is notable as a well-preserved example of early 20th-century apartment construction in the city, along with the Eller Apartments and Newlander Apartments. The apartments were built in 1916 by local businessman James D. Eakin and, as of 1981, had remained relatively unaltered. The complex is listed in the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties and the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Washington Apartments were built in 1916 by local businessman James D. Eakin, already a successful liquor wholesaler. The complex was designed by J.L. LaDriere and cost $21,000. The apartments opened in September of that year to fanfare from the Albuquerque Journal, which reported "Everything that modern craft can devise has been utilized to make them strictly up-to-date and they are not only a credit to the designer and builder but to the city of Albuquerque." Some of the innovative features included refrigerators, electric stoves, and Murphy beds. Eakin maintained his own residence there and managed the apartments until his death in 1931. His family continued to own the property into the 1970s. In the early years, the complex also included a Turkish bath in the basement as well as garage facilities and a tennis court.</p><br>
<p>The apartments were added to the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties in 1978 and the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The apartments consist of two identical red brick buildings separated by a narrow courtyard to allow light into the interior apartments. The twin blocks are rectangular in plan with two above-ground floors and a basement, and overhanging hipped roofs. The facade of each building is symmetrical with three bays on either side of a projecting two-story porch with a gable roof and classically detailed columns and balustrades. Inside, the buildings are organized around a double-loaded central hallway with an oak staircase at either end. The apartments originally consisted of one-bedroom and efficiency units and were reported to have many original interior details intact as of 1981.</p><br>
<p>The Lincoln Highway in Greene County, Iowa is a multiple property submission to the National Register of Historic Places, which was approved on March 29, 1993. It includes five individual listings and five historic districts located in Greene County, Iowa, United States. They encompass abandoned sections of dirt roads, paved sections that are now part of other highways, and various sites, objects, structures and pieces of infrastructure that were a part of the Lincoln Highway. The years of historical significance are 1912 to 1928.</p><br>
<h2>The Lincoln Highway in Iowa</h2><br>
<p>Carl Fisher was an American automotive and real estate entrepreneur who conceived the Lincoln Highway in 1912, and helped to develop it. Connecting New York City to San Francisco, it was the first highway to cross the United States. The intention to develop the highway was announced in 1913, and Iowans raised over $5 million for the construction of the road. There were no particularly good options to cross Iowa, but the Lincoln Highway Association wanted a direct route between Chicago and Omaha. The route through Iowa was announced on September 14, 1913. They chose what was known as the "Iowa Official Trans-Continental Route," which was already being used by transcontinental motorists through the state. It covered 358 mi of dirt and gravel roads that began in Clinton and traveled west to Council Bluffs. Rural roads in Iowa were notorious for their poor condition, and when it rained the mud made them even worse. The chosen route paralleled the Chicago Northwestern Railroad tracks as they followed the driest and least hilly terrain in the state.</p><br>
<p>In Iowa the Lincoln Highway was also known as State Primary Road No. 6 from 1920 to 1926. Its designation changed when the federal highway system was created and it became known as USA 30 in 1926. The Lincoln Highway Association operated until 1927, however, the following year it put up memorial markers along the route. The old Lincoln Highway remained a major transportation artery in Iowa into the 1950s when the state constructed a new US Highway 30.</p><br>
<h2>Lincoln Highway in Green County</h2><br>
<p>Greene County had a history of providing good roads early in the 20th century, so much so that it was the first Iowa county to receive Rural Free Delivery (RFD) mail service. There were 20 reinforced bridges in the county in 1907, and by 1909 it had 175 mi of gravel roads. The year the Lincoln Highway route was announced, the Greene County Board of Supervisors established an official county road</p><br>
<p>system that connected all the towns in the county. The citizens of the county worked to raise funds to promote and improve the Lincoln Highway through their territory. The Board of Supervisors spent $15,000 to improve the roadway in 1914, and the citizens raised another $5,000. A statue of Abraham Lincoln, a gift from E.B. and Minnie Wilson, was placed on the courthouse square in 1918 to commemorate the highway. The county was the first to accept Federal funds for paving roads in 1919. While the “seedling mile” outside of Marion was the first section of the Lincoln Highway that was paved in the state, Greene County was the first county to pave their portion of the highway. The first paved portion was a 6.5 mi section equidistant from the center of Jefferson. All 30 mi in the county were paved by 1924. The route through Green County was changed several times between 1913 and 1924. This was done as highway design and engineering standards evolved so that curves were straightened, hills were graded, and rail crossings were avoided.</p><br>
<h2>Individual listings</h2><br>
<h3>Lincoln Highway Markers</h3><br>
<p>The Lincoln Highway Markers are 48.5 in high concrete structures. They are composed of a 28 in octagon shaped post and a rectangular top that are cast in one piece. A nearly 4 in medallion of Abraham Lincoln is embedded in the front side of the rectangular top. It is inscribed with: "This highway dedicated to Abraham Lincoln." Below the medallion an "L" and a direction arrow are stamped into the concrete. The markers were the last official signs used to designate the highway right of way. About 3,000 of them were cast. They were placed in designated spots about 1 mi apart by local Boy Scout troops in 1928.</p><br>
<p>Six markers are known to exist in Green County. Five are located along the highway and one is broken and is located in the Greene County Museum. Two of the markers are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Lincoln Highway Marker (2) is located near the Lincoln Statue on the grounds of the Greene County Courthouse in Jefferson. Given its location along the highway and next to the Lincoln statue it is possible that this marker was installed here in 1928, but that cannot be determined definitively. Lincoln Highway Marker (1) is also in Jefferson in an address restricted location.</p><br>
<h3>Buttrick's Creek Abandoned Segment</h3><br>
<p>This 600 by section of abandoned roadway was part of the original Lincoln Highway route. It was abandoned when a curve was straightened in 1920. This section was a part of the roadway that went past the farmstead of Capt. Albert Head, an early promoter of the highway who made significant monetary contributions to its development. Head also contributed toward the construction of a nearby bridge, no longer extant. While the bridge&#39;s construction in 1914 straightened part of the roadway, motorists still had to negotiate a tight curve immediately south of the bridge. The realignment removed this curve, but kept the roadway close to the farmsteads.</p><br>
<p>The abandoned section lays perpendicular to the west from County Road E53. It is located on a grass incline, and the old grade and cut banks are clearly visible. The old roadway is no longer used for any purpose, and the grade and cut banks are covered with mowed grass. A partially buried concrete headwall of a driveway culvert is located at the top of the incline. Its design and materials are consistent with other culverts along the old highway.</p><br>
<h3>Little Beaver Creek Bridge</h3><br>
<p>The bridge over Little Beaver Creek is a reinforced concrete deck structure with concrete baluster guardrails built in 1915. It carries the traffic of a gravel rural road over the creek. The road served as part of the Lincoln Highway between 1914 and 1922. Originally, the highway was designated to be a mile south along the Chicago Northwestern tracks, but the Greene and Boone County segments would not align. Greene County moved its route to the north so the two segments would meet at the county line. In 1920 a sizable contingent of residents from Grand Junction petitioned to have the route shifted back to the south. Both county Boards of Supervisors agreed to route the highway south of the railroad tracks, which necessitated a new stretch of highway to be built. It was completed in 1922, and the Greene County Board of Supervisors returned this bridge and the road it serves to the township road system on October 23.</p><br>
<h3>Lincoln Statue</h3><br>
<p>This statue of Abraham Lincoln is a replica of W. Granville Hastings’ statue in Cincinnati, Ohio. It was a gift of E.B. and Minnie Wilson. Dedicated on September 22, 1918, it was the first statue of Lincoln built beside, and dedicated to, the Lincoln Highway.</p><br>
<h2>Historic districts</h2><br>
<h3>Buttrick's Creek to Grand Junction Segment</h3><br>
<p>This is an original section of the old Lincoln Highway from 1913, and it is now part of County Road E53. It runs across 2.4 mi of relatively level farm land from a curve east of Buttrick&#39;s Creek to Iowa Highway 144 just south of Grand Junction. At one time the junction with Iowa 144 was a Y-intersection that has subsequently been converted into a T intersection. The Lincoln Highway through Iowa had many Y-intersections, and they have likewise been converted. A jog in the road was straightened in 1920, and this whole stretch of highway was paved with concrete in 1924 by Empire Construction Company of Des Moines. There are six contributing resources to this historic district, all structures: the roadway itself, the road drainage system, and four culverts. Construction plans from 1923 show that the culverts and half of the drainage system were in place when the highway was paved. The roadway is 18 ft across, and within a 66 ft right-of-way. The drainage system includes two lines of 6 in drainage tiles and 12 intakes. Each intake is a conical-shaped cast iron grate that covers a subsurface concrete cylinder. The four culverts include one concrete driveway culvert and three concrete box culverts, all of different sizes.</p><br>
<h3>Grand Junction Segment</h3><br>
<p>Most of this 1.75 mi section of the Lincoln Highway was not on the original route from 1913, but was part of the negotiations with Boone County to re-route the highway south of the Chicago Northwestern tracks in 1920. The new alignment required a new roadway to be built, and it eliminated all railroad crossings on this part of the highway. It was completed in 1922. The western section of the roadway is in the town of Grand Junction, and it was paved in 1923. The rural section on the east side was paved the following year. Empire Construction completed both projects. Like the segment in the historic district above, it is now a part of County Road E53. The town section passes through the central business district on the west and a residential area on the east. The rural section passes along the railroad tracks and under the US 30 overpass before it connects with the newer highway. There are six contributing resources to this historic district, five structures and one object. The structures are the 0.75 mi section of urban roadway, the 1 mi section of rural roadway, the West Beaver Creek Bridge, one culvert and the road drainage system. The object is a Lincoln Highway Marker that stands in front of the Grand Junction city hall. The West Beaver Creek Bridge is a 24 by concrete slab bridge with closed guardrails. It is located outside of town on the rural section of roadway. Christenson Construction Company built the structure for $3,440.</p><br>
<h3>Raccoon River Rural Segment</h3><br>
<p>This is another original section of the old Lincoln Highway from 1913 that is now part of County Road E53. It runs through 3.6 mi of rolling farmland, and through the Raccoon River Valley. There are 11 contributing resources to this historic district, 10 structures and one site. The roadway is one structure broken into three segments. The first segment is a 1.4 mi section on the west side of the district. It was paved in 1924 by Empire Construction. The second segment is a 1.3 mi section on the east and west sides of the Eureka Bridge. It includes Danger Hill where the grade was reduced considerably in 1920 and a jog in the highway was replaced with a curve. The C.C. Barnes Company completed the work. Empire Construction also paved this section in 1924. The third segment is a 0.9 mi section on the east side of the district. It was one of the first sections of the Lincoln Highway paved in Greene County in 1920. The work was completed by F.E. Marsh Company of Jefferson, Iowa. The Eureka Bridge is a five-span reinforced concrete arch bridge. Each span is 77 ft wide with an overall length of 422 ft. It replaced an earlier span that was partially washed out by a flood in 1912. Marsh Engineering Company of Des Moines constructed the bridge that was designed by the Iowa Highway Commission. It is one of the earliest arch bridges still standing in Iowa, and one of the first designed by the state highway commission. Because of increased traffic on the span it had to be widened in 1924. Other historic structures include the road drainage system, six culverts, and one cattle pass. The site is 600 ft of abandoned roadway at the top of Danger Hill. This section of roadway appears not to have been paved, and it includes one of the culverts.</p><br>
<h3>West Beaver Creek Abandoned Segment</h3><br>
<p>This abandoned section of roadway was part of the original Lincoln Highway from 1913. It lies to the north of the Chicago Northwestern tracks which are immediately to the north of the Grand Junction Segment (see above). The Lincoln Highway route was moved north in eastern Greene County in 1914 so the Greene and Boone County segments of the highway would connect. The realignment also removed a couple of dangerous railroad crossings at the same time. This section of roadway survived that realignment, and remained part of the highway until 1922 when the right-of-way was shifted south of the railroad tracks and a new roadway was built. This realignment removed another railroad crossing at Grand Junction. There are three contributing resources to this historic district, two structures and one site. One of the structures is a 18 by concrete bridge that features concrete balustered guardrails. It was built by the Iowa Bridge Company in 1915 for $1,339. It replaced an older wooden span. A partially buried concrete driveway culvert is the other structure, and a 0.1 mi section of the abandoned dirt roadway is the site. The roadway was never paved. The historic district is located on a farm and the former roadway and bridge are still used to move farm machinery.</p><br>
<h3>West Greene County Rural Segment</h3><br>
<p>This is yet another original section of the old Lincoln Highway from 1913. The east-west section of roadway is now part of County Road E39, and the north-south section of the roadway is part of Iowa Highway 25. The highways are located on relatively level farmland. There are 13 contributing resources to this historic district, 11 structures and two objects. The structures include the 4.35 mi of roadway, the road drainage system, eight culverts, and a skew I-beam bridge. Empire Construction paved this section of the Lincoln Highway in 1924. Part of the paving project included the construction of a new bridge. The I-beam structure was completed by C.J. Kramme of Fort Dodge, Iowa for $5,413. It replaced an earlier wooden span. The objects are two property markers located on private property where the road turns south from County Road E39 onto Iowa 25. They were placed here by James E. Moss, who farmed the land and was an ardent supporter of the Lincoln Highway. Moss was a Civil War veteran who lost a foot at Missionary Ridge. He had these identical markers erected in 1926 as memorials to Abraham Lincoln, whom he considered "one of our greatest citizens." They are concrete structures created by Harold Carlisle of Jefferson, and are capped by a concrete bust of Abraham Lincoln. The original busts were broken off and have been replaced. An "L" is stamped on the shoulder of the base, and "J.E. Moss" stamped on front. Similar markers were to be erected at several other points in Greene County, but there is no evidence that they ever were.</p><br>
<p>The David Hanaford Farmstead is a historic farm in Monticello Township, Minnesota, United States. It was first settled in 1855 and features a farmhouse built in 1870 and a barn from around the same time. The farmstead was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 for having local significance in the themes of agriculture and exporation/settlement. It was nominated for being "an excellent example of an early Wright County farmstead developed by a pioneer family from New England."</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>When it was nominated to the National Register in 1979, the farmstead consisted of seven standing buildings, a building ruin, and the sites of four former buildings or structures. As of 2016, several of the supporting buildings have been demolished. As originally listed as a historic district, the 8.9 acre property consisted of a farmhouse, barn, granary, brooding house, machine shed, outhouse, and corn crib, plus the ruins of a tool barn and the traces of a log cabin, water well, silo, and windmill.</p><br>
<p>The 1870 farmhouse is a two-story, cubic building with a timber frame and red brick walls. It was designed in the Federal architecture style. It is topped with a hip roof and has a one-story frame wing at the rear which was built at the same time as the house. The barn, also contemporaneous to the house, measures 50 by and rises two stories. It has a mortise and tenon timber frame sheathed in vertical boards and covered in shiplap siding. The sliding double doors are topped with a multi-pane transom window. The barn has a gable roof and a wood-frame shed attached to the south end.</p><br>
<p>The other five farm buildings, extant in 1979 but no longer in evidence, were built sometime between 1870 and the early 20th century. All were wood-framed and most had clapboard siding. The granary measured 16 by and rose one and a half stories. The brooding house measured 10 x, the machine shed 30 x, the outhouse 4 x, and the corn crib 10 x. Also visible in 1979 were the depressions left by the Hanafords&#39; original log cabin and well, plus the foundations of a silo and windmill near the barn.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>David Hanaford and his family homesteaded this site in 1855, three years after Monticello Township was first settled. For the first 15 years they lived in a log cabin, but in 1870 Hanaford constructed a brick house based on those he was familiar with from his native New Hampshire.</p><br>
<p>Tobacco Kiln is a heritage-listed kiln at 12 Chisholm Trail, Oak Valley, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was built by Dick Moyes. It is also known as Flue Curing Barn. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 September 2002.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The four metre square brick tobacco kiln or flue curing barn at 12 Chisholm Trail, Oak Valley stands on a small 150m2 block currently owned by the Townsville City Council. When constructed, the block on which the tobacco kiln is situated comprised 157 acres of farming land owned by Greek immigrant, Elias Emmanuel. There is some indication that Dick Moyes may have built the kiln.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1930s the tobacco industry expanded in North Queensland following government initiatives to combat growing unemployment created by world wide economic depression, and thereby boosting local economies.</p><br>
<p>The Australian and Queensland governments, together with the British-Australian Tobacco Company, jointly funded the Australian Tobacco Investigation Committee to find areas suitable for good quality tobacco growth. As a result, the Queensland Department of Agriculture and Stock tested twenty-five experimental tobacco plots during the 1927-28 season. This occurred in an area from Bowen to Mareeba and west to Pentland and Chillagoe, with one plot tried at Herveys Range, about 25 miles (40 km) west of Townsville. All of these areas proved successful, producing a bright tobacco with good colour, aroma, texture and aging qualities. Mareeba became the site for a government experimental farm, since its surrounding district contained large areas with the most suitable sandy soils and climactic conditions. During the following two seasons, the Department conducted further trials at this farm, while several areas including Pentland, Charters Towers, Herveys Range and Chillagoe tried crops on a commercial scale. Despite adverse weather conditions that affected the yield per acre, the leaf obtained good prices, and many people hailed North Queensland as the premier tobacco growing area of Australia.</p><br>
<p>The demand for tobacco land spread suddenly. In mid-1930 the government released at least 25 portions of land as agricultural homesteads in the Mareeba district. These attracted special purchase conditions. A local unemployment relief scheme to clear the land, and the availability of trained instructors from the Department also initially assisted Mareeba farmers. This enabled them to meet the 1930-31 season. Some crown land and some private subdivisions appeared at Herveys Range in 1931, and tobacco fever also spread to the Majors Creek-Woodstock area south of Townsville, which then included Oak Valley. Tobacco growing in this area peaked with 31 farms in 1932 and had disappeared by 1940.</p><br>
<p>Several factors contributed to the failure of the Townsville tobacco industry. It was generally considered that the Experimental Farm at Mareeba contributed greatly to the success of the industry in that area. Although the Townsville and District Development Association agitated for a government Experimental Farm in this area to provide support for local inexperienced growers, this never eventuated. Water was always a problem as tobacco growers relied on the northern wet season. Failure of the season had drastic consequences, as did a heavy season. The tobacco plant was particularly prone to diseases and pests. Inexperienced farmers lacked the expertise to deal with these diseases, as well as cope with the complicated curing process. Government fiscal policy did not always favour the local grower: increased excise on home-grown tobacco and reduced duties on imports were blamed for the unsatisfactory position of the industry in 1934. This variety of causes often meant farmers could not sell a large enough portion of their crop at prices high enough to cover their capital outlay. Capital required to establish a tobacco farm was estimated at around £950, a considerable sum in the 1930s. This included the cultivation of 15 acres, deposit on land, a small hut, clearing, curing barns, bulk shed, horses, farm equipment and some labour costs.</p><br>
<p>One of the major costs was the construction of a curing barn, or barns, depending on the size of the farm. Local tobacco kilns were essential as it was imperative that tobacco leaf be cured immediately after harvesting, and a number of kilns appeared in the Hervey&#39;s Range and Woodstock areas. Kiln walls had to be insulated and farmers used different materials, according to their means and the availability of local resources. Different constructions in the Townsville area included brick, two layers of corrugated iron filled with sand, bush timber coated with cement plaster, home-made concrete brick, reinforced concrete, and sun-dried bricks of clay and chopped grass.</p><br>
<p>The curing process was crucial, and flue curing was the most modern, scientific method available in the 1930s. The kiln at 12 Chisholm Trail used this new technology, closely resembling drawings of a model flue curing barn in the Queensland Agricultural Journal of August 1931. The flues carried heat at ground level from the outside furnace, across the barn and back to the chimney outlets, raising the temperature inside the kiln and thereby curing the tobacco. This process overcame earlier curing problems such as leaf contamination by smoke from open fires, and also allowed greater control over heat and humidity in the curing barn.</p><br>
<p>The object of curing was to obtain leaf with a bright yellow colour similar to that of a fresh ripe lemon. After cutting, several tobacco leaves were strung together, tied to a stick at regular spaces, and then hung on tier poles in the curing barn. The leaf was then cured in an extremely complicated process involving three distinct stages: yellowing the leaf, fixing the colour and killing the leaf, and completely drying the leaf. The first stage needed a warm humid atmosphere to complete the ripening process; the second increased the heat and lowered the humidity through controlled ventilation until leaf veins were substantially dry; and the third further increased heat and decreased ventilation until the entire leaf and stem was completely dried. This process necessitated specialized knowledge to control heat, humidity and ventilation, and could differ slightly depending on the type and condition of the crop. This challenged inexperienced farmers entering the tobacco industry.</p><br>
<p>A report in 1984 stated that some old kilns in the Majors Creek area were then being used as storage sheds on farms. However, it is probable that the brick tobacco kiln at 12 Chisholm Trail is the only kiln in the area still containing remnants of flues and some tier poles, which indicates that it was never reused for other purposes. It was probably built sometime in 1933. A piece of iron visible in the top vent clearly shows an imprint of the queen&#39;s head with the number 33 underneath. This is a well known Lysaght insignia for its flat sheeting, and the number indicates that it was produced in 1933. With the tobacco industry in decline after 1932, it is unlikely that the kiln was built much later than this.</p><br>
<p>The bricks used in the construction appear to be commercially made, however there is some variation in the stretcher length between 220mm and 225mm which could contradict this. There was a local brickworks located nearby at Stuart, but there was also a contemporary report about some farmers with brick-working skills and ample supplies of local clay. Investigation into this is continuing. The brick and iron construction would have involved considerable expense. A similar brick construction in the same area was quoted as costing £65. The willingness to invest considerable capital in the industry shows either a solid faith in its potential or a desperation to survive in harsh economic times.</p><br>
<p>The Townsville tobacco industry did have some positive impact on the district. It was one of the major reasons for the formation of the Townsville and District Development Association. Lobbying by the growers on Hervey&#39;s Range prompted the construction of a new access road and this provided employment to a large number of men through an Unemployment Relief Scheme. The establishment of a local tobacco grading company also provided some employment during the worst years of the Great Depression. The kiln at 12 Chisholm Trail stands as a reminder of the tobacco industry of the 1930s. Though short-lived, it was an important phase in the evolution of the Townsville district.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The tobacco kiln or flue curing barn is an almost-square building of brick construction now situated on a small 10m x 15m block of land at 12 Chisholm Trail, Oak Valley, via Townsville. This block is not fenced, but has been enclosed within the fence line of the adjoining property on the corner of Chisholm Trail and Glenrowan Road. The tobacco kiln is sited 10 degrees off a direct north/south orientation, with the door aperture situated in the western wall. This former entrance is at present closed off by timber and corrugated sheeting, presumably for safety reasons.</p><br>
<p>The western and eastern walls are 4.12m long and the northern and southern walls are 4.1m long, with the wall height averaging 4.25m above the present ground level. The single brick walls are constructed of moulded clay bricks approximately 220mm x 110mm x 70mm, which is slightly smaller than a standard imperial brick of 9 x 4.5 x 3 inches. The bricks are laid in a stretcher bond design with rather coarse mortar that finishes roughly flush to the outside of the brick. These brick walls are finished at the top with a timber frame and are then tied together internally by steel bolts 1.5 cm (5/8 inch) thick and approximately 1m apart.</p><br>
<p>The roof is a pyramidal shape with a truncated apex to allow a square ventilator on top. The timber-framed roof is sheeted externally with corrugated iron, and has iron capping covering the four ridges. It is lined internally with an insulating material, possibly fibro cement sheeting. The eastern and western sides of the top ventilator are still attached to the apex of the roof. They are made of flat galvanized sheet and are also lined with the same insulating material as the roof. The sheeting on the western side of the ventilator clearly shows an imprint of the queen&#39;s head and the number 33 underneath. A shaped piece of iron lying inside the building indicates that the damper over this ventilator was also pyramidal in shape.</p><br>
<p>Although the external furnace area of the kiln has at some stage been dismantled and filled in, it can be located on the eastern side where ground subsidence reveals a round flue outlet. This is 1.5m from the northern edge of the building with 4.18m between the top of the brick wall and the top of the outlet. The diameter of the outlet is approximately 30 cm. The corrugated roof sheeting at the centre of the eastern wall has been cut back in two places and the metal in between bent down, indicating the former position of the chimney. A flat piece of iron attached to the left of this is probably the remains of a holding bracket for the chimney. Looking inside through the broken bricks on the western wall, it is possible to see a second matching flue outlet at a corresponding distance from the southern edge of the building. At a lower level, between these round outlets and the northern and southern walls, are two square holes indicating the flue inlets. Although no longer attached to the inlets and outlets, the remains of two iron flues still lie on the dirt floor, running across the barn and back again. They appear to be made out of iron sheeting fashioned into round pipes with telescopic sleeves joined together to form the returns. Some remnants of timber tiers are also evident, mainly along the northern wall. These tiers are made of bush saplings.</p><br>
<p>The door to the kiln on the western wall is missing. The left hand jamb of a timber door frame is still in place, 1.7m from the northern wall. It is impossible to say exactly how big the door was because the rest of the frame and some bricks above and to the right of the door have become dislodged, thereby enlarging the opening.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Tobacco Kiln was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 September 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The tobacco kiln, constructed, is important physical evidence of an agricultural industry developed in response to community needs during the Great Depression. Both Queensland and Australian governments initiated trials to find suitable land for growing tobacco with the hope of easing high unemployment and boosting local economies. The Queensland government undertook many agricultural schemes of this nature during the Depression of the 1930s, many of which were short lived. It also reflects the recurring pattern in Queensland&#39;s history of developing agriculture as an important part of land settlement.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The tobacco kiln is a rare remnant of Townsville&#39;s history given that this area is no longer a tobacco growing district. This kiln is particularly so because it does not appear to have been reused for other purposes. It still contains the remains of the original flues and tier poles.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The tobacco kiln demonstrates the principal characteristics of flue curing techniques which were the most modern and scientific method available in the 1930s. Its design closely followed that recommended by the Senior Instructor in Agriculture through a contemporary state-wide agricultural journal. The considerable capital investment it represented indicates either a faith in the potential of modern agricultural techniques or a desperate bid to survive in harsh economic times.</p><br>
<p>Leaser Lake is a man made lake located near Allentown in Lynn Township, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania. The lake is owned by the Commonwealth and managed by the .</p><br>
<p>The lake was built for recreational use and opened to the public in 1971. It is the only lake in Lehigh County. The lake is part of a 540 acre park which is owned in part by the PFBC and in part by Lehigh County.</p><br>
<p>The lake covers 117 acres and is 45 feet deep. The lake is created by dam located on Jacksonville Branch of the Ontelaunee Creek which is a tributary of Maiden Creek. The dam consists of an earth embankment on the approximately 430 feet long by 53 feet high and a top of dam is 24 feet wide.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lake is named after American patriot Frederick Leaser. During the Revolutionary War in September 1777, the Liberty Bell was transported from Philadelphia to Allentown to protect it form the British. While in route, the wagon carrying the bell broke down and the bell was then transferred to Frederick Leasers wagon to complete the journey to in Allentown. Leasers home was in what is now known as Lynn Township.</p><br>
<p>The Leaser Lake dam has had an seepage problem since it was first filled. In 1991, the PFBC drained the lake to make needed repairs on the dam. The 1991 repairs proved to be inadequate and in 1999 the lake had to be drained 20 feet to prevent dam failure. In 2008-2009, the lake was one again drained to rebuild the dam and spillway. Shortly after the lake was reopened, seepage was once again discovered which prevented the lake from being completely filled. The new seepage was not part of the $3.5 million rebuilding project. In September 2014, the lake was lowered by 20 feet so that repairs could be make to the seeping area. Repairs to the dam were completed in Spring 2015 and the lake was filled to capacity for the first time since 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Primary Fish</h2><br>
<p>Large Mouth Bass</p><br>
<p>Bluegill</p><br>
<p>Brown Bullhead</p><br>
<p>Yellow Perch</p><br>
<p>Rainbow Trout</p><br>
<p>St Patrick&#39;s Convent is a heritage-listed convent at 45 The Strand, North Ward, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was built in. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 February 2012.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St Patrick&#39;s Convent, the oldest known surviving purpose-built convent in Queensland, is a timber-framed two-storey building located on The Strand at Townsville. It was built for the Sisters of Mercy during 1883 and was a substantial improvement on an earlier one built for the Sisters of St Joseph. They had worked in the parish since 1872, establishing a school and convent, before leaving Townsville early in 1878. The Sisters of Mercy arrived later that year. This representative convent building has been the base for the Sisters of Mercy mission in North Queensland for almost 130 years.</p><br>
<p>Townsville was established as a port to service the pastoral lands of inland North Queensland. Founded in 1864 by John Melton Black and Robert Towns, after whom the city is named, it boomed following the discovery of gold in the late 1860s and early 1870s at the five nearby towns of Capeville, Ravenswood, Georgetown, Gilberton and Charters Towers. By the 1890s Townsville was the main port in North Queensland, superseding Bowen which was founded as Port Denison in 1861. Townsville&#39;s location provided a sheltered port in Cleveland Bay and Ross Creek, with road access to the interior. This was complemented by the growth of railways to the west, the first stage of which was built to Charters Towers in 1882. Early industries included wool, cattle grazing and mining. Townsville was, and continues to be, the main commercial centre supporting the inland settlements and the growth of the sugar industry along the coast.</p><br>
<p>Catholicism in Queensland expanded following the separation of Queensland and the creation of the Diocese of Queensland. Newly appointed Bishop James Quinn arrived in Queensland, accompanied by five priests and five Sisters of Mercy, in May 1861. At the time the population of the Colony of Queensland was 30,059, with 7696 (39%) of these being Catholics. From 1866 both Anglican and Catholic visiting clergy held services in the courthouse in Townsville. In October 1868, Quinn acquired two adjoining parcels of land on the corner of Fryer Street and The Strand. Father James Connolly was sent to Townsville in 1871, and St Josephs Church and presbytery were built shortly after. The Anglicans built St James Church in 1873 and established a school in 1877, predated by the National School, established in 1869.</p><br>
<p>The Sisters of St Joseph, the order founded by Saint Mary MacKillop, arrived in Townsville in 1872, initially living in a couple of rooms at the rear of the presbytery. In 1873 a small low-set shingle-roofed timber convent was built behind the church, and a school was established. The sisters taught around 100 students at that time, and it was the first convent school in North Queensland. In 1876 tenders were called for the erection of a school house, and the following year, tenders were called for the removal and enlargement of the convent. In 1877 the convent was relocated on the site and enlarged to eight rooms to accommodate orphans and boarders. As a consequence of an argument between the sisters and the parish priest Father Connolly, the Sisters of St Joseph departed Townsville in March 1878, accompanied by 15 orphans, and then resided at the South Brisbane Convent. By October 1879, the Sisters of St Joseph relocated to their Adelaide motherhouse, having been driven out of Queensland by Bishop Quinn.</p><br>
<p>Father Connolly&#39;s successor in Townsville, Father William Mason Walsh, who was to serve the parish for almost 30 years, arrived in August 1878. He reportedly requested the services of the Sisters of Mercy to resume the operation of the school, although this is likely to have been initiated by Bishop Quinn. Walsh quickly organised a bazaar to fund a new convent. Prior to their arrival, Father Walsh had arranged for the existing convent house to be renovated and repainted and a shed was built to house the school and was being furnished.</p><br>
<p>The Sisters of Mercy arrived in November 1878. The order had been founded in Ireland by Catherine McAuley in 1831, with a mission to improve social justice through educational, religious and social services to women and children who were at risk of homelessness, exploitation and entrenched poverty. In essence their commitment was in the service of the poor, sick and uneducated. They were the preferred order of Bishop Quinn who when replacing the Sisters of St Joseph with the Sisters of Mercy in Mackay in 1879 stated: "I want first class education given in all leading places". After Father Walsh acquired allotment 3 on Mitchell Street, a boarding school known as St Patricks, was re-established on this site during 1880. The non-vested primary school remained named St Josephs, situated in Fryer Street.</p><br>
<p>Bishop Quinn died in September 1881, and Italian priest Dr John Cani became his temporary replacement. Robert Dunne was inducted into the role of Bishop of Queensland. However, in December Dr Cani was appointed to a new diocese of Rockhampton, created to service central and north Queensland. The Rockhampton Diocese was extensive, beginning just north of Bundaberg and reaching up to Halifax, west to the Northern Territory border, with its northern border just south of the Gulf of Carpentaria. Far North Queensland was served by the Pro-Vicarate of North Queensland, established in 1876, which encompassed the area north of Halifax and included Cape York. In 1881 the Sisters of Mercy in Townsville were teaching 130 girls, 87 boys and 188 infants. During the following decade, the Sisters of Mercy took over schools in Charters Towers (1882) and Bowen (1885).</p><br>
<p>In the meantime, a new dormitory was added to St Patricks boarding facilities by local architects and builders, Rooney Brothers. It opened in October 1882 and provided room for a further 18 beds. The only other boarding school to have operated in Townsville prior to this was a small private establishment operated by Mrs Deakin OReilly in 1875. The longevity of this establishment is unknown. Three other short-lived schools operated in the late 1870s through to the mid 1880s. The last of these, Dr Thomatiss grammar school operated briefly between 1881 and 1886. Townsville Grammar, established in 1888 housed boarders, as did St Annes Anglican girls school, which started with six boarders in 1917 thereby making St Patricks the oldest operational boarding school in Townsville.</p><br>
<p>Construction commenced on the new St Patricks Convent after Father Walsh acquired another allotment on The Strand to the north of the church in 1882. The foundation stone for the convent was laid by Dr Cani on 21 January 1883. The ceremony included the admission of four novices into the convent and the initiation of the building fund. The exact date of the buildings completion is unknown. Photographs of this building depict a two-storey timber colonial structure with verandahs to the front and sides and a small central gable. St Patrick&#39;s is the oldest extant purpose-built convent in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Rapid expansion in the region led to a growth in ecclesiastical buildings to service the population. Between 1876 and 1891, Townsville was the fastest growing region of Queensland with the towns population more than doubling from 5,410 in 1881 to 11,454 within the five years to 1886. A second storey was added to St Patricks boarding school in 1887. During 1888 another church, St Mary&#39;s was established at West Townsville, as well as a school managed by the Sisters of Mercy, who travelled every day from The Strand.</p><br>
<p>The expansion of buildings in Fryer Street and on The Strand was not without setbacks. St Joseph&#39;s Church was dislodged from its foundations during major flooding in January 1892 and had to be demolished. Water also entered the convent grounds to a depth of six feet, partially undermining one corner of the building, as well as washing away some stumps of the home of architect Matthew Rooney in Fryer Street. The recently erected church belfry was left standing but listing at a 45 degree angle. The flood resulted from a two-day rainfall of over 32 in. After the flood, Mass was held in the school for many years. Fr Walsh resolved to build a church on higher ground and began planning for a large new church situated in Stanley Street, at the foot of Castle Hill. A design competition was held in 1894 and the resultant Church of the Sacred Heart, which opened in 1902, became known as the Townsville Cathedral. At the time there was a perception that Townsville was soon to become the seat of a new diocese of North Queensland, excised from the northern part of the Rockhampton diocese. Despite the fact that there were 3000 Catholics in Townsville at the turn of the century, the new diocese was not created until 1930.</p><br>
<p>The Sisters of Mercy initiated what is now the oldest operational high school for girls in Townsville. Early in 1892, they advertised the commencement of a University Class at St Patricks Convent on The Strand. At the end of the year, it was reported that four students had passed their junior examinations. By 1900 junior and senior examinations were offered, as well as teacher registration examinations at St Patricks. These exams were set by Sydney University until 1910 when Queensland University began setting its own papers based on the Sydney model. At this time in Queensland, only private high schools such as Townsville Grammar existed. Established in 1888, it accepted its first female student in 1893 and became co-educational in 1905. Grammar Schools provided the only government-subsidised secondary education available in Queensland prior to 1912 when state high schools were established. While the Thomatiss Grammar School did offer high school places for girls, it was a short-lived operation (1881-1886). St Patricks preceded Townsville Grammar by one year in providing high school education for girls.</p><br>
<p>In response to continued growth in the region St Patricks Convent was dramatically extended and renovated in 1900 by local contractor Mr William Dawson. The original gable roofed 1883 core of the building had verandahs to the front and sides on both levels. Wings were added to the north and south ends of the structure altering the buildings appearance from The Strand. It was then dominated by the two prominent steeply pitched gable roofs sheltering the end wings and a tall pyramidal roof marking the central entry porch. The alterations included decorative treatments of the carpenter Gothic style to the front elevation and verandahs, including quatrefoil windows to the gable infills and to a decorative panel to the tower, pointed arch windows with hood moulds, pointed arch valances and decorative screens.</p><br>
<p>A newspaper article published in the North Queensland Herald in November 1900 described the newly renovated building: The ground floor of the south wing comprised a chapel for the Sisters of Mercy, being 40 by, which boasted a highly ornamental ceiling, paintings on the walls and an ornate altar. The chapel opened onto both front and rear verandahs of the building, and also led to the high school room in the north wing. Its size replicated that of the chapel with 14 ft wall plates and included similar decorative features. The rear verandah was 90 ft long and 9 ft wide and was enclosed with lattice. The first floor housed a community room above the chapel with views across the harbour. The 80 ft corridor had bedrooms on either side. The upper floor on the northern wing contained five rooms. The front balcony was 130 and wide. No architect has been identified, although it is possibly the work of the Rooney Brothers, who had undertaken previous work for the Sisters of Mercy; or possibly the work of WG Smith and Sons who designed St Marys convent in Charters Towers for the Sisters of Mercy in 1891–92 and are known to have been Catholics, with WG Smiths daughter wedding ceremony held at St Patricks convent in 1898.</p><br>
<p>In late nineteenth century convent design, the convention was to distinguish between public and private uses and spheres within the building. The plans for St Patricks demonstrate this: the room to the north of the entry hall was the visitor parlour; the room to the south was the priests vestry; the room to the west of the visitor parlour was the priests breakfast room; and the internal stairwell rising to the bedrooms above is screened from the entrance hall. These planning arrangements demonstrate the law of enclosure regulating life within the convent. Public access to the chapel was generally limited to the celebrations involving the induction of novices. Some convents also provided boarding facilities, but St Patricks already had separate boarding accommodation, so boarders were not accommodated in the convent.</p><br>
<p>Townsvilles location in the tropical north meant it was regularly impacted by significant weather events. Cyclone Leonta struck on 9 March 1903, and the deaths of seven patients in the wrecked hospital may be attributed to it. The brick Grammar School was partially demolished. The roof was torn from the Sacred Heart Cathedral. There was little impact to St Patricks Convent although the school buildings sustained some damage.</p><br>
<p>A number of administrative changes occurred to the Sisters of Mercy around the turn of the century, with ongoing building projects occurring into the early twentieth century. Bishop Cani died in March 1898 and was replaced by Bishop Joseph Higgins. He invited the Josephite nuns to return to Queensland and they opened a school in Clermont in 1900. In 1901 the Sisters of Mercy severed their links with the Rockhampton Community, of which they had been part since 1873.</p><br>
<p>A new era began for the Sisters of Mercy in North Queensland, continuing throughout the twentieth century. Many new convent and church buildings were constructed as part of the ongoing development of the region. Mary Benigna Desmond became the Mother Superior of the Townsville community from 1901, making St Patricks the Motherhouse. At the time the sisters had branches in Bowen, Ravenswood, and Winton, with 36 nuns teaching 800 children. An important component of the growth of the order in North Queensland was the establishment of a Novitiate, or training house, in 1901 in the grounds of St Patricks. The Sisters of Mercy opened another school in South Townsville in 1904. December 1905 Bishop Higgins was transferred to Ballarat and James Duhig was consecrated as Bishop of Rockhampton. Duhig dedicated St Patricks High School adjacent to the convent on The Strand in Townsville costing £3100 in October 1911, reputedly designed by Mother Bernadine. On the same day he dedicated a new altar to Father Walsh, who died in 1908, at the Sacred Heart Church. In 1917, the Sisters of Mercy opened a new convent at St Marys at West Townsville, in a house relocated to the site for the purpose. A new St Josephs Church was built in Fryer Street in 1921. A hostel known as St Ritas was opened in an old house relocated to The Strand to the north of the convent, reputedly in the early 1900s. It provided accommodation for young women from country areas working in Townsville.</p><br>
<p>The interwar years saw ongoing expansion of the church&#39;s activities in North Queensland. A submission was made to Rome in 1927 to create the new diocese of Townsville. At the time there were 22,000 Catholics in the proposed diocese, 6000 of them being in Townsville. Catholics in this region comprised 24 per cent of the population, compared with 18.9 per cent as the national average. The diocese was created on 25 May 1930 under Bishop Terence McGuire. This event had been preceded by the celebrations of the golden jubilee of the Sisters of Mercy in August 1929, attended by 60 sisters. At that time they were educating around 2000 children in the North Queensland towns of Bowen, Ravenswood, West End (Townsville), South Townsville, Ingham, Proserpine, Halifax and Home Hill.</p><br>
<p>The existence of the Novitiate was integral to this growth with 50 Australian-born women entering St Patricks Convent from 1901 until 1990 and the motherhouse continuing to receive sisters from Ireland. In 1926 there was a massive intake of 35 Irish sisters. The chapel was the site of ritual celebration and ceremony for the induction of postulants, and newspaper articles described the events in great detail including the attire of the newly blessed novices and the chapels floral arrangements and the attendance of their friends and relatives.</p><br>
<p>Further expansion of educational facilities occurred during the 1930s. A new catholic school was built at Garbutts Siding in June 1933. Rosario Infants School opened on The Strand in 1935, pioneering the Montessori Method of infant teaching in North Queensland. In 1936 the Little Flower Academy, a concrete and timber building, opened on the site of the old St Ritas hostel, the operations of which were relocated to the presbytery. The Bishop vacated the old presbytery and moved to Stanley Street near the Cathedral. The Little Flower Academy was a commercial and domestic science building designed by Joseph Gabriel Rooney and built by Willam George Hammond. According to Bishop Maguire, these subjects would equip a young lady with the education she needed to exert and influence good in the world. St Patricks Convent remained the home from which the Sisters of Mercy went out to conduct the core activities of their mission. Other convents were added to Townsville during 1936, including those for the Sisters of St Joseph, the Sisters of the Good Samaritan and a Sisters of Mercy convent at Railway Estate. Bishop McGuire also found ways of financing holidays for the sisters to Bowen or a similar seaside retreat, and St Patricks in more recent years has served that purpose for sisters from throughout the diocese.</p><br>
<p>During World War II many buildings on The Strand were used by the military including St Patricks Convent, St Ritas, the school and the Little Flower Academy-all occupied by the Women&#39;s Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF). The sisters were vacated to other convents, day students were taught at West End and the boarding students were relocated to Ravenswood and Winton. The WAAAF vacated the buildings in June 1945. In July, the church advertised in the local press that the buildings were undergoing painting, repairs and renovations and were expected to be ready for occupation in September. The exact nature of the renovations is unknown. The fibro cladding on the exterior of the building was installed between the late 1950s and 1964, and included the enclosure of the front verandahs, reusing existing sash windows on the upper floor and installing louvres on the lower floor. The central spire was removed and replaced with a gabled entry porch at the ground level.</p><br>
<p>A new bishop, Dr Hugh Edward Ryan, was appointed to Townsville in 1938. Shortly before the end of the war, he was able to fulfil the dream of his predecessor Bishop McGuire, in establishing a Catholic hospital in Townsville. In February 1945 local doctor, Dr Halberstater handed over his small private hospital, "Lister", to the Sisters of Mercy. The establishment of the Mater Misericordiae Hospital fulfilled another aspect of the mission of the Sisters of Mercy: serving the sick. In April 1954, fundraising began for a new Mater Hospital. The 50 bed hospital was opened in Fulham Road, Pimlico in 1962. Another wing was added in 1967, and further extensions in 1979 and 1983. In the meantime the sisters also ventured into aged care with the establishment of Villa Vincent in the suburb of Gulliver in 1964. Villa McAuley retirement accommodation was established nearby in 1979 and was extended in 1980 and 1982. Bishop Ryan retired in 1967 having overseen dramatic changes in the Townsville Diocese since 1938, including a doubling of the population of Catholics, which was reflected in the number of priests, brothers (from 15 to 38) and nuns (from 143 to 211) in the community.</p><br>
<p>The most dramatic changes to the Sisters of Mercy site on The Strand occurred during the late twentieth century. New buildings were added including a chapel on the site of St Ritas (the old presbytery) in 1959, a new science block and classrooms in 1963; another new building for St Patricks high school and the Loreto Infirmary in 1968 which provided aged care for nuns. In December 1971, Cyclone Althea damaged St Patricks Convent, tearing off part of the roof of the north and south gables causing internal water damage. Some cladding was broken on the front enclosed verandah on the first floor. The sash windows were replaced with louvres sometime after the cyclone. In 1978 Australian Government funding allowed for the upgrade of boarders facilities and another science block. The 1911 high school building adjacent to the convent was demolished and replaced with a brick dormitory building of a similar style in the mid 1980s. The Little Flower Academy developed "concrete cancer" and was replaced by a new administrative building which opened in 1991, retaining the name St Theresa&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>St Patricks College on The Strand in Townsville operates as the Mercy Catholic Secondary Day and Residential College, adjacent to St Josephs Church and primary school. A dramatic fall in the number of religious staff generally in Catholic schools occurred during the late twentieth century, with numbers of brothers and nuns in the Townsville diocese dropping from 99 to 50 between 1967 and 1971, and down to 31 religious teachers in 1983. In September 2008, St Joseph&#39;s Church hosted the Jubilee celebrations of ten sisters serving the diocese. Eight had served for 50 years, one 60 years, and Sister Mary Pius Carrol, 70 years. In 2011 the convent housed the last remaining sisters, having also served as a place of retreat and relaxation for nuns of the Townsville Diocese for many years.</p><br>
<p>A decorative fence with concrete pillars and metal palisade panels is located on the boundary with The Strand and along Fryer Street to St Joseph&#39;s Church. It may have been built at the same time as the church in 1921. Photographic evidence indicates it pre-dates 1933. Two gates are retained in Fryer Street which would have provided access to the old presbytery; one a pedestrian gate and a vehicle access gate. Three more pedestrian gates are situated along The Strand accessing the convent and the other buildings to the north.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St Patricks Convent, a two-storey timber framed building, stands within the St Patricks College complex bounded by The Strand and Fryer and Oxley Streets, Townsville. Facing The Strand, the building is notable for its steeply pitched gable roofs to the north and south wings.</p><br>
<p>The building is symmetrical around a central core flanked by projecting wings to the north and south. Verandahs are provided to the north, east and west; the north and east now enclosed with louvres and asbestos cement sheeting. The west and part of the north verandahs retain decorative balustrading, lattice and valance. The exterior of the north and south wings have asbestos cement sheeting applied over chamferboard and weatherboard cladding. Generally the building is constructed of single skin walls; the mid-west wall is clad with chamferboards and lined with beaded vertical boards; some internal partitions are lined to each side.</p><br>
<p>The main entry is from the east verandah through a timber panelled door with coloured glass sidelights. The ground floor is organised off a central entrance hall, flanked by the visitor parlour to the north and vestry to the south. The entrance hall is screened from the central stairwell by a three-quarter height partition accommodating a door with brightly coloured glass panels. Two rooms flanking the stairwell mirror the east rooms and open into them. The room to the south accommodates the office and the priest breakfast room is to the north. A community dining room runs the length of the north wing and a former chapel occupies the south wing. Two decorative timber arches span the community room at the west end. The chapel ceiling is lined with decorative pressed metal and a decorative timber arch defines an alcove to the east. Ground floor partitions and other ceilings are lined with beaded tongue and groove boards. The ground floor west verandah retains its decorative screening, valance, lattice and criss-cross balustrading. The ground floor east and north verandah are enclosed with asbestos sheeting and banks of louvres and each has added partitioning.</p><br>
<p>The upper floor works off a central corridor running north-south accommodating eight bedrooms to the west and six to the east. Timber arches mark the transition between the earlier central core and the wings. One west bedroom is partitioned into two bathrooms; one houses a lift and another has a partition removed and functions as a small sitting room. To accommodate built-in wardrobes in the east bedrooms one partition has been removed. The upper east rooms to the north and south wings have added partitioning providing additional bedrooms. Corridor partitions are post-and-rail lined with vertical boards to the corridor, the east wall single skin exposed frame is lined with horizontal boards to the rooms and the west wall is a combination of exposed frame single skin to the wings and chamferboard cladding to the 1883 core. Openings in the rooms at the north and south end of the 1883 core are boarded. The upper north verandah is enclosed with asbestos sheeting and louvres and accommodates bathrooms and an informal kitchen. The middle part of the west verandah is enclosed to provide a utilities room.</p><br>
<p>Lawns with garden beds run from the front of the convent to the street. A perimeter fence comprising concrete piers and decorative wrought iron balustrading runs along The Strand and Fryer Street. Decorative wrought iron gates provide entrances from The Strand and Fryer Street. A concrete path runs from the pedestrian gate on The Strand to the front entrance.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St Patrick&#39;s Convent was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 February 2012 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Patricks Convent is the oldest known surviving purpose-built convent in Queensland. The convent, home to Townsvilles Sisters of Mercy since 1883, is important in demonstrating the way of life of a religious order that has made a significant contribution to the development of Queensland, particularly in relation to the provision of education and health care. It also serves as a place of retreat for sisters ministering elsewhere in the diocese.</p><br>
<p>St Patricks Convent is a product of the establishment phase of Catholic primary and secondary education in North Queensland when its institutions spread out from Brisbane to newly emerging settlements around the colony. From 1892 the convent accommodated classes for St Patricks high school, now the oldest operational high school for girls in Townsville.</p><br>
<p>St Patricks Convent illustrates the pattern of development of Townsville, the major commercial centre of North Queensland. The regions wealth, initially generated through mining, pastoral and agricultural pursuits, led to the establishment of the port of Townsville and numerous schools, to serve the population. The ongoing development of the school site is evidence of the growth and prosperity of the city.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>St Patrick&#39;s Convent demonstrates the principal characteristics of a convent, built in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries including an internal separation of private and public spaces and having a dominant street presence on a prominent site in the town. The convent plan includes a chapel, community room, dining room, visitor parlour, priest breakfast room, vestry and bedroom cells. The small and austere bedroom cells on the upper floor are representative of the vow of poverty taken by the sisters, as are the modest and functional spaces and restrained use of decorative treatments throughout the convent, reflecting the philosophy of the Sisters of Mercy in their mission to serve the poor, the sick and the uneducated.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building has had a special association with the Sisters of Mercy since its construction in 1883, and was the Motherhouse for the order in the Townsville region from 1901. The Sisters of Mercy have provided education in the region since 1878, building many schools across the Townsville diocese including establishing the oldest operational high school for girls in St Patricks. The chapel in the southern wing regularly received novices into the order, and the ritual celebrations at these events attended by the sisters friends and families served to publicly acknowledge and promote the role of the Sisters of Mercy in Queensland in the upkeep of Catholic traditions. The sisters established the Mater Hospital in Townsville, as well as aged care facilities, to fulfil their mission of providing for the poor, the sick and the uneducated. The convent occupies a prominent position within the campus of St Patrick&#39;s College, Townsville, demonstrating the ongoing commitment of the Sisters of Mercy to their mission in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The SS Pewabic was a package freighter that served ports on the Upper Great Lakes. She was launched in October 1863, fitted out in the spring of 1864, and was in active service until she sank off Thunder Bay Island in Lake Huron on August 9, 1865, due to collision with her sister vessel. There was significant loss of life, with a number variously estimated at 100 or 125 passengers and crew of the stricken vessel going down with the ship. If the higher number is accepted, the loss of life made this disaster, in terms of loss of life from the sinking of a single vessel, the seventh-worst tragedy in the history of the Great Lakes, and the worst ever on Lake Huron.</p><br>
<p>The sunken hull of the package freighter is a feature of the present-day Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Pewabic was built for the Lake Superior Transit Company by the Peck & Masters yard in Cleveland. She was 200 ft long and had a beam of 31 ft. Known as the Pioneer Line, Lake Superior Transit specialized in the fast shipment of passengers and freight between Lake Erie and Lake Superior, especially the Copper Country centered on the Keweenaw Peninsula of far northern Michigan. Ingot copper from the Upper Peninsula&#39;s booming mines had found eager customers during the commodity boom that accompanied the Civil War. The Pioneer Line was highly successful in moving passengers in both directions; and the Pewabic, acclaimed as "one of the finest vessels on the lakes", ran in coordination with a sister vessel, the SS Meteor. Both vessels sped through fresh water at what was then a blazing speed of 12 knots. Whenever one vessel was going north, the other would be going south, and their paths typically crossed in northern Lake Huron.</p><br>
<p>The rendezvous moments of the two vessels were often treated as an event calling for playful salutes and celebrations, and the respective ships captains developed the custom of running close by each other. One oft-repeated story asserts that it was the custom for a seaman on the northbound vessel to heave a mail sack onto the deck of the southbound vessel; the bag allegedly contained Civil War newspapers that could be sold to news-starved passengers. In any case, the August 9, 1865 rendezvous ended in mishap and tragedy, with the Meteors prow buried deep in the forequarters of her stricken sister ship. The Pewabic, mortally wounded, sank no more than 30-45 minutes after the collision. The site of the collision was six miles off Thunder Bay Island near Alpena. The Meteor was able to save some of the passengers and crew; the lost vessel&#39;s passenger manifest, which would have been able to clarify the death roll, went down with the ship.</p><br>
<p>The Pewabics wreck was 182 ft feet below the waters surface. However, its cargo of 267 tons of solid copper ingots was extensively salvaged in 1917 by Benjamin F. Leavitt, and again in 1974 by Gregory James Busch. In his World War I-era dives, Leavitt is acclaimed as having pioneered the use of atmospheric diving suits in American waters.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Busch and his crew recovered the Pewabic&#39;s 2,345 lb bow anchor, which was presented to the Besser Museum for Northeast Michigan in December 1974. The Admiralty-pattern anchor was placed on public display as a memento of the lost vessel.</p><br>
<p>St John&#39;s Anglican Church Precinct is a heritage-listed churchyard at 30-34 Macrossan Street, South Townsville, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St Johns Anglican Precinct at South Townsville comprises a small timber church constructed in 1907; a timber rectory constructed; and a small timber and fibrous-cement sheeted church hall. St Johns Church is the third church erected on this site, replacing an 1898 church destroyed in 1903 by Cyclone Leonta, which in turn had replaced an 1884 church destroyed by Cyclone Sigma in 1896. The rectory also is the third residence on the site, replacing vicarages destroyed in the 1896 and 1903 cyclones. These buildings remain amongst the earliest surviving Anglican church buildings in the Diocese of North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Townsville was established in the mid-1860s as a port to service new pastoral runs being taken up in the Kennedy District. The town centre developed along the north west bank of Ross Creek, while suburban settlement spread to the north along the beach front, to the west along what later became known as Ingham Road and south across the creek to Ross Island. The discovery of gold at Cape River in 1867 and the boom in the pastoral industry consolidated Townsville&#39;s position as a port and administrative and commercial centre during the 1870s. The port expanded and rail facilities were established in 1881 with the construction of the Great Northern Railway from Townsville to Charters Towers and later to Hughenden further west.</p><br>
<p>The Church of England early established a presence in Townsville and opened St James Church in 1871. At this time the district was part of the Diocese of Sydney. The Diocese of North Queensland was formed in 1878, when North Queenslands mineral fields and grazing industry were flourishing. The Rev. George Henry Stanton was consecrated the first Bishop of the new Diocese, arriving in Townsville in May 1879 and establishing his seat at St James Church (which became the pro-Cathedral). Stanton proved very popular and was adept at attracting overseas funding for the new Diocese. As Townsville expanded during the early 1880s, he assisted his parishioners to establish new churches at West End in 1883 (opened as St James Mission Church and renamed St Peters in 1884) and at Ross Island (St Johns) in 1884.</p><br>
<p>Ross Island was a focus for settlement as early as 1868 when the first Townsville hospital was constructed on the island. By the mid-1870s a thriving suburb had been established, with Palmer Street the commercial centre. In 1883 the island was officially surveyed, excised from Thuringowa Division and incorporated into the Municipality of Townsville as South Townsville. To serve the burgeoning population, the South Townsville State School was opened in February 1884.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the construction of St John&#39;s, occasional Anglican services had been conducted at the immigration depot on Ross Island. At the first sale of Ross Island subdivisions in May 1883 Bishop Stanton acquired two adjacent allotments in Macrossan Street for church purposes (allotments 6 & 7, section 161, comprising half an acre in total and directly opposite the school reserve). In June 1884 title to the land was transferred from Bishop Stanton to The Corporation of the Diocesan Synod of North Queensland, which had been established in June 1883 for the purpose of acquiring and managing church property for the Diocese.</p><br>
<p>In August 1884 the first St Johns Church was dedicated on this site. At this period the new church was part of the parish of Townsville and was administered from St James pro-Cathedral. The Townsville Herald of 24 December 1887 described the building as "a pretty little church" and "well patronised".</p><br>
<p>Ross Creek boomed during the second half of the 1880s. In 1885-86 the Great Northern Railway was extended east into South Townsville and the Ross Island jetty was extended into deeper water to facilitate the shipment of station produce from the far west of Queensland. The Victoria Bridge opened in July 1889, was constructed across Ross Creek, linking the island to Townsville&#39;s central business district along Flinders Street. Wharves, railway yards, a meat works and foundries at Ross Island became major employers and the surrounding district developed as a working class residential suburb. By the late 1880s it was the fastest growing area in Townsville.</p><br>
<p>In 1889 Ross Island was declared a parochial district within the Diocese of North Queensland, with the Rev. L Ketchlee as the priest-in-charge. It is likely that the first St John&#39;s vicarage was erected at this time.</p><br>
<p>In January 1896 Cyclone Sigma destroyed St Johns Church and Vicarage at Ross Island. A contemporary report estimated the loss at about £600. A second St Johns Church was opened in 1898, constructed at a cost of £450.</p><br>
<p>In May 1901 the Diocesan Synod acquired title to an adjacent allotment in Macrossan Street (allotment 5, section 161). This is the site of the later church hall. It may have contained an existing residence acquired for use as a vicarage.</p><br>
<p>On 9 March 1903 Cyclone Leonta destroyed the second St John&#39;s Church of England and Vicarage at Ross Island. Photographs of the site taken shortly afterwards show a pile of tangled timbers and iron roofing. The local press reported that the church furniture had been saved through the efforts of the incumbent priest, the Rev. Goodchild.</p><br>
<p>Cyclone Leonta had struck at a time when the Diocese of North Queensland was in severe financial difficulty, arising from the impact of the early 1890s economic depression and the closure of many Queensland banks, closures of many gold and tin mines and a fall in world copper prices in the 1890s, and a severe drought 1898-1902. Diocesan architects and civil engineers Tunbridge and Tunbridge of Townsville, engaged to report on the cyclone devastation, estimated that £2,600 worth of damage to Diocesan property had been sustained in Townsville alone and £6,250 throughout the Diocese. Bishop George Frodsham, then Bishop of North Queensland, travelled overseas to raise funds to save his Diocese and by May 1905 over £6,000 had been subscribed from various diocese in Britain, New Zealand, Australia, Japan and Hong Kong; from British church societies; and from individuals.</p><br>
<p>Ross Island was a working class district and had suffered substantially during Cyclone Leonta, with many homes reportedly destroyed or unroofed. It took the parish nearly four years to replace their church, with the third and present St Johns Church of England dedicated on 17 February 1907. The third St Johns Church was designed by architect Charles Dalton Lynch, the Townsville partner in the architectural firm of Tunbridge, Tunbridge and Lynch from 1907 to 1910 and in partnership with Walter Hunt from 1911 to 1921. Lynch was a noted and influential architect, who designed many buildings in North Queensland, including several of Cairns&#39; most prominent buildings: Cairns School of Arts and Harbour Board Offices (1907), new Court House Hotel (1908) and Central Hotel (Central Court) (1909). Works by Lunch & Hunt include Agora House in Townsville for Howard Smith & Co. Ltd (1910–11), Mulgrave Shire Council Chambers in Cairns (1912–13) and St Josephs Church, North Ward, (1920–21).</p><br>
<p>Lynch addressed the problem of cross ventilation in a tropical climate by providing St John&#39;s with large sliding doors along each side of the nave, which were sheltered by open verandahs and when opened allowed air to circulate freely through the building. The use of banks of side doors was a popular ventilation device of the period employed in large auditoria such as public halls and theatres, but was less commonly used in church buildings.</p><br>
<p>The third St Johns vicarage may have been erected around this time, and evidently by 1911. St Johns Church Hall is suspected to date to this period.</p><br>
<p>Ross Island (South Townsville) remained a vibrant working class community until port facilities began to move closer to the harbour mouth in the second half of the 20th century. By 1958 the population in the parish of South Townsville had reached 4,000.</p><br>
<p>St John&#39;s Church and Rectory were entered in the Register of the National Trust of Queensland in May 1980 for their historical and architectural interest. Regular Sunday services are still held at the church.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St John&#39;s Church, Church Hall and Rectory are located on the southeast side of Macrossan Street, South Townsville, between Allen and Cannan streets, opposite the South Townsville State School. The district is suburban residential in character.</p><br>
<h3>St John's Church (1907)</h3><br>
<p>St Johns Church is located in the centre of the church property in Macrossan Street, flanked by the rectory to the northeast and the church hall to the southwest. It is a simple but aesthetically pleasing timber building which employs Gothic stylistic detailing along with accommodation for Townsvilles warm sub-tropical climate.</p><br>
<p>The building is rectangular in plan with the central front bay projecting slightly. It is high set on concrete stumps, clad with chamferboards, and has a corrugated iron sheeted gabled roof that extends over verandahs along either side. A small timber belfry is located at the forward end of this roof and the front gable beneath the belfry has simple timber battening as a decorative in-fill. The side walls to the verandahs reveal exposed stud framing. The southern verandah is open for its full length and the northern verandah is enclosed at either end.</p><br>
<p>The side verandahs are supported on timber posts with decorative timber capitals and brackets and have a simple timber balustrade consisting of a top rail and two uprights in each bay. There is a small, centrally positioned front entry porch, with a separate gabled roof. Surmounting the apex of the gable is a small timber Christian cross. The porch has side openings in the form of lancet arches, which once permitted access from both sides. There is now a set of later stairs at the northern side of the porch only. The southern entrance is partially enclosed with a simple metal balustrade and the stairs have been removed. The front of the entry porch is enclosed with chamferboards and has timber louvres within a lancet arch frame for ventilation purposes. A separately-roofed extension in the rear elevation accommodates the sanctuary.</p><br>
<p>Most of the fenestration is restricted to the front and rear elevations and is in the form of lancet windows. These include pairs of windows in the front elevation that open from the side verandahs and in the gable above the entry porch. There are also single lancet windows either side of the entry porch, which light the nave and mirror those in the rear wall either side of the sanctuary.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the nave is separated from the sanctuary by a wide lancet arch. The walls along the side of the nave each have two rectangular openings enclosed by pairs of unequal timber framed and diagonally boarded sliding doors, which when opened provide cross ventilation. These openings are protected by the deep flanking side verandahs, which may be used as aisles.</p><br>
<p>The ceiling is lined in tongue and groove timber boards and the timber trusses supporting the roof are exposed. Flooring throughout is timber boarding. Significant church furniture includes early timber pews.</p><br>
<h3>St John's Church Hall</h3><br>
<p>St John&#39;s Church Hall is a simple timber framed building, high set on concrete stumps and clad externally with fibrous cement sheeting and timber cover strips. It is rectangular in plan, with a gable roof of corrugated iron. Like the adjacent church, it has a small separately-roofed entrance porch, which is partially enclosed with a fibrous cement sheeted balustrade. Entrance to this porch is via timber stairs on the northeast side of the porch. There is a small, centrally-positioned, skillion-roofed extension in the rear elevation. This also is clad in fibrous-cement sheeting, but is lower set. In each side elevation there are four pairs of tri-paned stained glass casement windows.</p><br>
<h3>St John's Rectory</h3><br>
<p>St John&#39;s Rectory is a single-storeyed building, timber-framed and timber-clad, set on low mostly timber stumps. It has a gabled roof clad in corrugated galvanized iron. The building is L-shaped in plan, with a projecting asymmetrical front gable. It has skillion-roofed verandahs to front and back, both of which are enclosed with later fibrous cement sheeting and glass and timber louvres. The southern end wall of the residence is clad externally but the northern wall and the wall of the projecting transverse gable are mostly single-skin, with exposed stud framing and chamferboards and an external cladding to the upper front gable. The windows in these walls retain their early double-hung timber-framed sashes and have window hoods, which are timber framed and sheeted in corrugated galvanised iron.</p><br>
<h3>Grounds</h3><br>
<p>The grounds, which slope to the southwest, are grassed and there are concrete paths connecting the church and church hall. Plantings considered to be of cultural heritage significance include an indigenous Terminalia at the south/southwest corner of the site and mature Frangipani (Plumeria) trees. There is a tall metal flagpole in the front yard of the church and in the yard behind the church and hall is an area formerly levelled for a tennis court. A small, skillion-roofed, concrete block toilet block at the rear, between the hall and the church, is of later construction and is not considered to be of cultural heritage significance. Along the street alignment, partly in front of the rectory and partly in front of the church, there is an early, low concrete retaining wall and entrance steps flagged by low, square concrete columns topped with cast iron capitals. This appears to indicate an earlier configuration of buildings on the site. The remainder of the frontage has a later low retaining wall, of concrete and concrete block. The precinct has an aesthetic appeal based on the picturesque quality of the simple timber buildings in their garden setting and visually complements the school grounds across the street.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St John&#39;s Anglican Church Precinct was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Johns Anglican Church Precinct is important in illustrating part of the pattern of Queenslands history, in particular the expansion of Townsville as a regional port and the growth of the working class suburb of South Townsville in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The church and rectory remain amongst the earliest surviving Anglican church buildings in the Diocese of North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>St Johns Anglican Church is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of its type, including the adaptation of traditional Gothic-styled timber church design to accommodate the warm North Queensland climate. The building remains highly intact and retains its original detailing (including lancet windows and arches, double sliding timber doors to the verandahs, decorative detailing to deep verandahs and early timber pews). It is an excellent example of the work of architect CD Lynch, who made a substantial contribution to North Queensland architecture in the early 20th century. St Johns Anglican Church Precinct is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of its class of cultural places: an early 20th century religious precinct. These characteristics include the grouping of church, church hall and rectory within a restricted and defined area; the intactness of the three principal buildings on the site; the consistent use of materials (principally timber, galvanized iron and fibrous-cement sheeting); and the garden setting (including an early low concrete retaining wall and entrance with low concrete columns with cast-iron capitals, along the street frontage).</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>St Johns Anglican Church is of aesthetic significance for its use of Gothic stylistic influences within the Queensland vernacular idiom of high-set timber buildings, the result being a balanced, visually pleasing design incorporating traditional European church motifs and Queensland-style deep verandahs.St Johns Anglican Church Precinct has a picturesque quality engendered from the consistency of scale, form and materials and the lineal arrangement of the group of simple timber buildings in a garden setting. The place makes an aesthetic contribution to the streetscape, visually complementing the state school across the road.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the work of the Anglican Church in North Queensland. The fact that it contains the third St John&#39;s Church and Rectory erected on the site between 1884 and 1907 is testimony to the strength of the Anglican Church in North Queensland in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, overcoming obstacles such as distance, remoteness, climate, small population base and lack of Diocesan funds.</p><br>
<p>The Bridge Academy Public Library is the public library of Dresden, Maine. It is located at 44 Middle Road, in the former Bridge Academy building, which served as an area high school from 1890 to 1966, and is a sophisticated example of Shingle style architecture designed by Maine native George A. Clough. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>The Bridge Academy Public Library stands on the east side of Middle Road (Maine State Route 197), a short way south of the town center, where Middle Road meets Maine State Route 27. It is a tall single-story wood frame structure, topped by a tall gambrel roof and set on a deep foundation. Its exterior walls are finished mostly in clapboards, with wooden shingles in a few gable ends. The roof, originally also finished in wooden shingles, is now asphalt. There are entrances at either end of the front facade, set under gabled hoods supported by scrolled brackets. A cross-gable section projects slightly between them, with a gable roof that is raised slightly above that of the main ridge, with an octagonal turret at the central meeting point. The interior of the building originally had a single classroom flanked by entrance halls, whose ceiling conformed to the roof line.</p><br>
<p>The buildings construction came about through two gifts. The first was a large general-purpose bequest by Llewellyn Lithgow, a native son, and the second was gift and the personal efforts of Samuel J. Bridge, who promised to match Lithgows gift if it was used for a school instead of a bridge over the Kennebec River. George A. Clough, a native of Blue Hill, was the architect; although most of Clough&#39;s work took place in Boston, Massachusetts, where he was the city architect for many years, he summered in Maine and is credited with a number of institutional buildings there. This building is the only known example of a late 19th-century school in the Shingle style.</p><br>
<p>Bridge Academy served as a local high school until 1966, also taking in tuition-paying students from surrounding towns. By 1966, it could no longer meet state requirements for high schools, and was converted to a junior high school. It served in that capacity until 1983, and has since then been adapted for use as the local library.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. E.P. Hawkins Clinic, Hospital, and House comprise a historic former medical complex in Montrose, Minnesota, United States. Hawkins established his medical practice in 1897 in the front room of his residence. As his practice grew, however, he had a ten-bed hospital constructed next door in 1903, and ten years later acquired an adjacent building to use as a clinic and nursing school. The three-building complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 for having local significance in the theme of health/medicine. It was nominated for exemplifying Wright County&#39;s medical facilities at the turn of the 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Dr. E.P. Hawkins Clinic, Hospital, and House are three adjacent buildings standing north to south, respectively. The house, at the south end of the trio, was built circa 1885. It is a two-story brick residence with an L-shaped footprint and a gable roof. Each story has a line of decorative brickwork that snakes over the windows in stylized hoods. Another line of brickwork embellishes the horizon between the two floors. In later years the brick façade was painted, and a porch with Doric order columns added. A one-story frame garage behind the house is original to the property.</p><br>
<p>The central building was purpose-built in 1903. It has a gable roof which slopes to the top of the second floor at the rear but down to the first floor at the front. A dormer emerges from the elongated front slope, and a cylindrical tower with a conical roof projects from the building&#39;s southwest corner. The gables are embellished with diamond shingles. A porch spans the whole width of the front façade, with a stone foundation and pairs of Doric columns. The garage behind this building was constructed in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The clinic was originally a small residence built circa 1890. It is a simple two-story frame building with a gable roof.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>E.P. Hawkins was born in Carthage, Illinois, in 1863 and earned his doctorate from the University of Michigan. Arriving in the railroad town of Montrose he established his medical practice in October 1897, operating out of two rooms on the ground floor of the house he shared with his wife Vera. The practice was successful enough that in 1903 Hawkins had Wright County&#39;s first hospital constructed next to his home. Opening the following year, the facility contained ten beds for patients and rooms for general care and surgery.</p><br>
<p>Hawkins acquired the third building in 1913 and moved his office into the first floor. It had previously been the home of a Mr. Wright, who had helped maintain the Hawkins&#39; garden. The following year Dr. Hawkins established a three-year nursing school, the Montrose Training School for Nurses, and used the upper floor of the new clinic as classroom space.</p><br>
<p>The Pratt-McDaniels-LaFlamme House is a historic house at 501-507 South Street in Bennington, Vermont. Built about 1800, this Federal period building encapsulates the changing residential trends in the town over a 200 year historic, starting as a farm house, then that as a businessman, and eventually subdivided into worker housing. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Pratt-McDaniels-LaFlamme House is located on the west side of South Street (United States Route 7), south of downtown Bennington, between Prospect and Merson Streets. The property includes the main house, housing three residential units, and a detached outbuilding that has been adapted to house a fourth unit. The main house is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure with a gable-fronted main block and a two-story ell extending north that is covered by a hip roof. The building corners are pilastered, and there are also pilasters between the three front-facing bays of the main block. The main blocks gable is fully pedimented, with a Federal style fan at its center. One entrance is found in the main blocks rightmost bay, with framing pilasters and entablature with cornice. The front facade of the ell has four bays of windows, with two entrances set between. The left unit has a flat-roof porch extending across it, supported by square posts.</p><br>
<p>The house was probably built about 1798, the year in which Stephen Pratt purchased 100 acre. Pratt by then already had a large family. It remained in agricultural use until the late 1830s, when the house was subdivided off and sold to his granddaughter Erin and her husband, Thomas McDaniels. McDaniels is believed to have added the north wing, with its northern end probably serving as his business office. He was a businessman and banker, underwriting business ventures in Bennington&#39;s increasingly industrial economy. The house grew further in the second half of the 19th century, with several wings added, and probably housed several generations of the family. It was purchased in 1913 by John LaFlamme, whose extended family lived there, formally subdividing the building into four units. It was owned by the LaFlamme family into the 1990s. It has since been rehabilitated, with some of its additions demolished, and its units used for low-income housing.</p><br>
<p>The Pulaski County Courthouse is located at 405 West Markham Street in downtown Little Rock, Arkansas, the state capital and the county seat of Pulaski County. It is set among a number of other state and city government buildings, on a city block bounded by West Markham, Spring, West 2nd, and South Broadway Streets, with a county park occupying the western portion of the block. The courthouse has two portions: an elaborate Romanesque edifice built of stone and brick in 1887-89 to a design by Max A. Orlopp, and a large four-story Beaux Arts annex designed by George Mann and added in 1913-14. The annex is acknowledged as one of Mann&#39;s most successful commissions.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Coropuna is a dormant volcano in the southern Peruvian Andes and belonging to the Central Volcanic Zone; its summit reaches an altitude of 6,377 m above sea level. The volcano, located 155 km from Arequipa, is mostly made of lava flows on a basement formed by Miocene ignimbrites. Coropuna has been active for at least five million years, with the bulk of the current cone having formed during the PliocenePleistocene.</p><br>
<p>The volcano is covered by a thick ice cap, the second largest in the tropics, that has existed since at least the Pliocene and has undergone several phases of expansion and reduction., the ice cap is in retreat; one estimate predicts that it will disappear by 2045. The retreat of the Coropuna glaciers threatens the water supply of tens of thousands of people, and interaction between volcanic activity and glacial effects has generated mudflows that could be a hazard to surrounding populations if the mountain returns to volcanic activity.</p><br>
<p>The mountain was considered sacred by the Inca, and a number of archaeological sites have been discovered there. The Inca built the highest irrigation system in the world on Coropuna.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geology</h2><br>
<p>Part of the Cordillera Ampato, it is Peru&#39;s largest and highest volcano. Coropuna is located south of the Pucuncho basin in the Peruvian Andes and 110 km away from the Pacific coast. Neighbouring volcanoes are the 5,498 m Firura (15&deg;14&prime;S latitude, 72&deg;48&prime;W longitude) and the 6,093 m Solimana (15&deg;24&prime;S latitude, 72&deg;52&prime;W longitude). Firura is a structure with two dome shaped summits, while Solimana features a caldera and a high, glacially affected topography. Another volcano, Ampato, lies 85 km southeast.</p><br>
<p>Ten summits, including four main ones, separated by broad saddles, form the Coropuna massif, which covers an area of 20 * at 5,000 m altitude. Another description counts six main summits arranged in an ellipse. Mapping of the volcano is made difficult by the ice cap. The main summits are found in the western part of the massif, and two are aligned in a north–south direction with heights of 6,377 m and 6,350 m. The eastern part features two summits: a central one has an ice-filled crater at 6,234 m, and the eastern one, at 6,305 m, is the summit that has generated the most recent lava flows. Cerro Cuncaicha forms a spur on Coropuna&#39;s eastern flank. All of these summits have a mostly smooth appearance. The volcano developed in two phases: CoropunaI, at 4,200 –, has a conical shape; other summits, including CoropunaII, have grown above it. The terrain of Coropuna has moderate slopes rising from a basement of 4,600 m. Erosion has incised deep gorges around Coropuna. The total volume of Coropuna is about 283 km3.</p><br>
<p>Volcanism in the Andes originates in the collision of the Pacific Ocean floor with the South American Plate. This collision generates tectonic forces which lift up blocks of the Central Andes and create fissures through which magma reaches the surface. Coropuna is part of the northern Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ) and, along with AmpatoSabancayaHualca Hualca, Chachani, and El Misti, forms part of the main volcanic arc. Coropuna, Sara Sara, and Solimana are close to the northern border of the CVZ, where the Benioff zone becomes shallower. In this area, the Andes mountains are still growing, and erosion has cut deep valleys into them. The area also features numerous fault zones, best visible south and southwest of Coropuna where shifts of 10 m and more have occurred. Coropuna lies on a line of volcanoes that runs from Solimana to Sabancaya.</p><br>
<p>The bulk of the volcano was formed in the Quaternary, with activity commencing in the Miocene. Five million years ago, the first latiandesites were erupted. The minor eruptive centres of Pumaranra and Antapuna are K-Ar dated at 1.3 ± 0.11 and 1.02 ± 0.11 million years old. Much of the volcano was constructed by lava flows.</p><br>
<h3>Volcanic history and future threat</h3><br>
<p>Coropuna is constructed on Tertiary ignimbrites that form the Puna (one of which is dated 14 million years); these are completely buried around the volcano. The Sencca ignimbrite forms an apron that extends 25 - around Coropuna, and the Chuqibamba ignimbrite may have originated in a vent now buried by Coropuna. The dates of these ignimbrites are not entirely clear. The Barroso group beneath Coropuna is dated 5.3 million years by K-Ar. Beginning in the mid-Pliocene, the CoropunaI and CoropunaII volcanoes were constructed by large lava flows. Of the former there remain only planezes, sectors that were once part of the volcano but are now separated by gaps created through erosion. Evidence found in the Majes river valley indicates that volcanic activity frequently resulted in lahars when parts of the ice cap melted under the influence of volcanic activity. Some explosive activity has thrown lava bombs up to 7 km away.</p><br>
<p>The bulk of the volcano was formed during the Pliocene and Pleistocene, one tephra deposit being carbon-14 dated to 27,20037,370 BP. In the early Holocene, andesite lava flows overran late moraines. Strong glacial and other erosion effects can be seen on Coropuna. Chlorine-36 exposure dating has found ages of 6,000 years ago for the western lava flow and 2,000 years ago and less for the eastern lava flows. These flows are tens of meters thick and 5 – long and are only weakly eroded, conserving most of their breccia cover. Each of these lava emissions is associated with the formation of mudflows from lavaice interaction. The youngest date reported for one of these lava flows is 1,100 ± 100 years ago.</p><br>
<p>Present-day activity includes a chain of warm springs associated with the volcano. An earthquake swarm and associated ground deformation were observed near Coropuna and Sabancaya in 2001, and the 2001 southern Peru earthquake caused seismic swarms at Coropuna. Interaction between the ice cap and future eruptive activity is considered to be a hazard at Coropuna, especially in light of the extreme altitude differences that are found in the territory. The consequent sudden melting of the glaciers could endanger towns in the valleys. Likewise, earthquakes could result in the collapse of part of the ice cap. There is a hazard of lahars which is further augmented by the extreme relief around the volcano, with a difference in height of 4,000 m within a horizontal space of 15 km. Several towns are located downstream of Coropuna, including Viraco, Machahuay, Salamanca, Chichas, Yanaquihua, Andaray, and Punta Colorada. The town of Camaná at the mouth of the Majes has 20,000 inhabitants.</p><br>
<h3>Petrology</h3><br>
<p>Petrologically, dark-coloured andesites form the bulk of the lavas, while ignimbrites are rhyodacitic. The andesites contain plagioclase and quartz as well as smaller amounts of amphibole and biotite. Pyroxene and titanomagnetite are also found. The groundmass of Coropuna rocks contains plagioclase and pyroxene embedded in brown glass, the whole having a hyalophilic (glassy) appearance. The magmas originated at a depth of 8 –. Earlier andesites are more basic than later ones.</p><br>
<p>Based on chemical and petrographic data, the lavas formed from water-poor source material at depth. Phenocrysts formed at depths of less than 35 km. Temperatures of Coropuna&#39;s eruption products are estimated at 700 –. The magmas, during their whole journey to the surface, moved over vertical distances of 70 –. During this ascent, secondary magmas were formed that generated intermediate and felsic rocks. Post-eruption, meltwater derived from the ice cap has caused hydrothermal alteration of the volcano.</p><br>
<h2>Ice cap</h2><br>
<p>The Coropuna glacier is located 155 km northwest of Arequipa. Exceeded in size solely by the Quelccaya ice cap, it is the second-largest tropical ice cap in the world. The highest point of the Coropuna ice cap is measured at 6,446 m altitude. A 2010 study showed the average thickness was 80.8 ±, with a total volume of 4.62 ±. In 1962 at least 17 glaciers combined to form this ice cap. Present-day outlet glaciers reach down to 5,500 m and 5,100 m on the southern and northern side, respectively. The northeastern glaciers are smaller than the southeastern ones. Beneath the glacier above 4,500 m altitude, gelifluction and other periglacial features form the terrain. No significant valley glaciers are present on Coropuna.</p><br>
<p>There is evidence of glaciation during the CoropunaI stage of volcanic activity; the mountain was glaciated at least since the Pliocene. During the Last Glacial Maximum, Coropuna&#39;s longest glacier was the 12 km-long Quebrada Ullulo glacier, and the ice cap covered a surface area of at least 365 km&sup2;. Outlet glaciers descended to 4,540 ft and 3,780 m altitude on the northern and southern flank, respectively. Equilibrium line altitudes ranged from 5,120 – on the northern side to 4,700 – on the southern side. Aside from a north–south gradient, a possibly wind sublimation-driven east–west gradient in equilibrium line altitudes is visible. In addition to Ullulo on the northern flank, other outlet glaciers were Huayllaura and Quipchane on the southern flank, Pucunchiloyocc on the western flank, and Cospanjaon on the eastern flank. Based on chlorine-36 accumulation data on moraines, it has been determined that the volcano underwent a major expansion between 20,000 and 16,000 years ago, a minor expansion 12,000 to 11,000 years ago, and another minor expansion 9,000 years ago. On the southern flank, a major expansion took place 14,000 years ago and a minor one 10,000–9,000 years ago. Evidence has been found of a later minor expansion 6,000 years ago. It has been determined that in the late Holocene, the snowline was located at 5,200 – of elevation.</p><br>
<p>Coropunas largest moraines were formed during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), about 25,00020,000 years ago. The Ullulo moraine on the northern flank is the largest, with a relief of 100 m. Gravel and boulders form the bulk of the LGM moraines. There are several stages of moraines between these LGM moraines and the present-day ones, some linked to the late 19th-century advance and other more extensive ones to late glacial advances. All of these moraines are crisp and have been well preserved by the arid conditions. The moraines within 0.5 km of the present-day ice margin are steep-sided. The current retreat has left small and poorly developed terminal moraines.In 1970 Coropunas glaciers formed 4% of Peru&#39;s total glacier surface. The Coropuna ice cap has shrunk between 1955 and 2008, from 122.7 km&sup2; to 48.1 km&sup2; surface area. Much of the surface loss happened in the 1980s and 1990s. This shrinkage of 1.4 km&sup2; per year may result in the disappearance of the ice cap by 2045. The surface area of the ice cap as measured by satellite images decreased from 105 ± in 1975 to 96 ± in 1986, 64 ±</p><br>
<p>in 1996, 56 ± in 2003, and to 47 km&sup2; in 2007. It is likely that some ice masses will disappear soon, while others will persist for decades. Further, the snowline has risen much higher than the glacier termini. This retreat mirrors the retreat of most glaciers in the world since the end of the Little Ice Age.</p><br>
<p>Coropuna is drained by deep gorges, with water eventually reaching the Arma and Majes rivers, both of which empty into the Pacific Ocean. During the dry season, Coropuna&#39;s glaciers are a major source of water for the region, and concern has been raised that their disappearance may result in water shortages at a time when population growth has increased water consumption and begun to create conflict over water distribution. 30,000 people depend on the Coropuna glacier in one way or the other, 8,000 of them just for their water supply.</p><br>
<p>A major ice core was drilled in 2003 on Coropuna, covering more than 16,000 years. Ice cores indicate that the Coropuna glacier receives mostly continental dust, and that 4,200 years ago there was a severe drought, while 5,200 years ago a wet and cold period occurred. More recent data show a severe drought from 1790 to 1796. Fossil remains of rock glaciers have been found on the southeastern flank at altitudes of 4,500 –.</p><br>
<h2>Climate and vegetation</h2><br>
<p>Close to the ice, diurnal temperature variation dominates seasonal effects. The temperature has generally increased in the area (0.1 &deg;C per decade since 1939), with El Niño events possibly playing a role. Analysis of plankton in Lake Titicaca indicates that a glacial climate prevailed until 10,0009,000 years ago.</p><br>
<p>Because of the rain shadow of the Andes and the temperature inversion over the Pacific, the climate is arid, with precipitation of 390 mm per year at 6,080 m altitude. Water cannot reach Coropuna from the Pacific Ocean. Most precipitation (7090%) falls during summer (DecemberMarch). A sharp reduction in precipitation was found during the El Niño years of 19821983 and 1992. These events were also accompanied by lower cloud cover, higher temperatures, and lower wind speed, increasing the glacier surface loss. However, the El Niño of 19971998 was accompanied by high precipitation. Precipitation mostly originates from the Atlantic Ocean via the Amazon basin. Pollen data tend to be dominated by local species during dry spells. Occasionally, strong southern cold outbreaks reach Coropuna&#39;s latitudes. As evidenced by the Sajsi (25,00019,000 years ago), Tauca (18,00014,000 years ago), and Coipasa (13,00011,000 years ago) lake highstands, ice age humidity was much higher in the Altiplano.</p><br>
<p>Based on mapping, in 1955 the equilibrium line altitude had a mean elevation of 5,687 ± but has since then risen by 80 –. As is the case farther south in Chile, the snowline altitude is chiefly governed by precipitation and not by temperature. Winds in the Coropuna area are chiefly from the east.</p><br>
<p>Coropuna rises over the Puna, a grassland at an altitude of 4,000 – that contains Asteraceae shrubs. Local plant families and genera attested by pollen data are Asteroideae, Poaceae, and Polylepis. Vegetation ends at 5,000 m altitude. Beneath this line it is composed of Azorella compacta and ichu grass. Cushion plants are also frequent around 5,000 m. The arid climate means that the flora is highly xerophilic. Marsh vegetation and a distinct peat bog are found in wetter parts of Coropuna&#39;s slopes. Polylepis woodlands are found on the southern slope.</p><br>
<h2>Religious and archaeological importance</h2><br>
<p>In Inca mythology, Coropuna was identified as an Apu, a sacred mountain. An Inca path leading up the mountain has been found, with bones and pottery fragments up to 6,200 m. Over thirty archaeological sites, many of them predating the Incas, have been found around Coropuna. The Inca sites are the highest ones, though some occur next to bogs such as the one next to the village Maucta Llacta. The influence of human habitation on the environment is noticeable from 2,200 BP onward.</p><br>
<p>The Inca used the waters of Coropuna, building an irrigation system that drew water from the glaciers at 5,600 m altitude, the highest irrigation system in the world.</p><br>
<p>The Camden Great Fire Historic District encompasses a significant portion of the central business district of the town of Camden, Maine. Extending from the Camden Opera House north nearly to Atlantic Avenue, the area&#39;s buildings were almost all built in 1893, following a large fire in November 1892 that swept through the area. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Camden is located on the west side of Penobscot Bay in the Mid Coast area of Maine. Its town center is at the mouth of the Megunticook River, where the first English settlers established mills in 1771. The town was incorporated in 1791, and grew in the 19th century as a shipping and shipbuilding port. Its Main Street (now United States Route 1) developed in part across the dam that spans the river just above the harbor, and was lined with mainly wood frame commercial and residential buildings until 1 AM on November 10¸ 1892, when a fire began on the east side of Main Street. The fire swept across Main Street, destroying everything on the dam, and then moved south, across Mechanic Street, to destroy the buildings on the north side of Elm Street (the southern continuation of Main Street, also US 1), as far south as Washington Street. The fire claimed 18 residences and 40 commercial buildings, including the old opera house and social meeting halls.</p><br>
<p>After the fire, the town enacted legislation requiring permanent new construction in the affected area to be built out of fireproof materials. As a result, most of the buildings in the area are built out of brick and stone; a few buildings located on the dam were originally intended to be temporary structures, but have never been replaced. Eighteen of the 22 buildings in the area were built in 1893, despite the global economic depression. Prominent buildings include the Masonic hall, a four-story brick building whose Romanesque features have been harmed by a modern redesign of its ground floor retail spaces, and the Camden Opera House, built on the site of the old one at Elm and Washington, which also houses town offices. The result of the rebuilding effort is a remarkably cohesive late 19th-century commercial center, which has retained much of its period charm.</p><br>
<p>The Ritchie Block is a historic commercial building at 465-473 Main Street in downtown Bennington, Vermont. Built in 1895-96, it is a high quality example of Classical Revival architecture, with a distinctive pressed metal entablature. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Ritchie Block is a three story yellow brick building, located on the south side of Main Street (Vermont Route 9), opposite its junction with School Street, in downtown Bennington. Its ground floor has four storefronts, each with display windows and a recessed entry, with two on either side of the main building entrance. The entrance is set in a round-arch opening, with a rounded transom window above the double door. The upper two floors are divided into five paneled sections, articulated by brick pilasters. The outer four sections each have three sash windows, while the central one, over the main entrance, has one on each level. The building is crowned by an elaborate pressed metal projecting cornice.</p><br>
<p>The block was built in 1895-96 by Alexander Keith Ritchie, a Scottish immigrant who was operating a dry goods business in Benningtons central Putnam Block. Commercial development was extending eastward along Main Street, and Ritchie had purchased the lot (with a residence on it) in 1891. The house, an impressive Greek Revival structure with temple front, was turned around and moved back in the lot, and now faces Union Street. The upper floor of Ritchies block was designed for use by the local Masonic lodge, which occupied the space until 1911. The space was occupied through the 20th century by a succession of fraternal and social organizations, including the Elks and the American Legion.</p><br>
<p>Ridgewood Cemetery is a historic cemetery at 177 Salem Street in North Andover, Massachusetts. Organized in 1849 and opened in 1850, it is the town&#39;s third cemetery, and the first in the then-fashionable rural cemetery style. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016. It is owned and operated by a non-profit cemetery association, and remains in active use, with about 3,000 marked burials.</p><br>
<h2>Layout and history</h2><br>
<p>Ridgewood Cemetery is located in central North Andover, on the south side of Salem Street between Johnson Street and Marbleridge Road. It is a rough oblong property, extending south nearly to Abbott Street. Facing Salem Street, the property is edged by a fieldstone wall, with an impressive early 20th-century bronze gate as its primary entrance. Secondary entrances are located further southeast on Salem Street and on Marbleridge Road. The oldest portion of the cemetery is on the rise between the two Salem Street entrances. From this height the property slopes down to a stream that roughly divides the property, with a rise on the far side that levels off. The most modern sections of the cemetery are on the far side of the stream.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery organization was established in 1849, and the first burial took place on November 9, 1850. It was originally called Andover Cemetery, but was renamed Ridgewood Cemetery after North Andover was separated from Andover in 1865.</p><br>
<p>The first sections of the cemetery followed the rural cemetery concepts, with winding lanes and sculptural burial sites. In the 1930s an expansion was designed by landscape architect Harland P. Kelsey in consultation with Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. The gates, a gift of mill owner George Gilbert, were designed by Julius A. Schweinfurth and installed in 1909.</p><br>
<p>A marker for the painter Clarissa Peters Russell exists in the cemetery, honoring also her husband, Moses Baker Russell, and their son, Albert Cuyp Russell; whether it is a grave marker or cenotaph is unknown. Clarissa&#39;s younger sister, the painter Sara Peters Grozelier, is buried at Ridgewood, as is her husband, Leopold.</p><br>
<p>The Castle Knowe , is a prominent mound located slightly to the west of North Kilruskin Farm on the Kilruskin Toll Road, West Kilbride, North Ayrshire. Scotland. The mound may have served several different functions over the ages.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Castle Knowe has been referred to as a fortlet or castle hill and was classed as a motte and bailey in 1974 and records show that a stone rampart was removed in the 1890s for re-use elsewhere. A broad and deep foss or ditch existed that has been obscured as a feature following the Kilruskin Burn&#39;s diversion through a covered culvert. The long established road from the Ardrossan area to Fairlie, Largs and beyond runs very close to the Castle Knowe so that a fortified structure would be in a position to control movements along this communications corridor.</p><br>
<h3>Etymology</h3><br>
<p>The place-name elements Knowe and Knol are derived from the Old English Cnoll meaning a small rounded hill, hillock or mound, sometimes associated with tales of the fairies.</p><br>
<p>The place-name Kilruskin is said to have been Kilronskan originally, derived from The Cell of Saint Ronskan. A chapel to the unknown Saint Ronskan or Ruskin is said to have stood at the foot of the hills to the east of Kilruskin. It has also been suggested that Kilruskin may mean The Chapel of the Rushes in keeping with the very marshy conditions of the low-lying land lying between Kilruskin and Hunterston.</p><br>
<h3>Antiquarian visits</h3><br>
<p>In 1895 the antiquarian John Smith recorded that the site had been subject to cultivation for many years but was still a prominent feature that measured at the time 37 paces in diameter at the bottom, circa 14 feet on one side and circa 8 feet on the other. Castle Knowe was considered artificial by early visitors and natural by later visiting experts although formal archaeological investigations have not taken place.</p><br>
<h3>Moot hill</h3><br>
<p>An oak tree was located on its east side that is significant in regard of a suggestion that it was once used as a moot, court or justice hill and by association a gallow hill where a dule tree may have been located and where condemned prisoners were executed. The Castle Knowe lies within the ancient Barony of Hunterston with its caput at the nearby Hunterston Castle.</p><br>
<h2>Structural remains</h2><br>
<p>In 1816 the landowner, Mr R Hunter, reported that there were the appearances of an arch in the centre of the Castle Knowe that was orientated North to South. The remains of a drystone dyke in 2016 ran across the eastern side of the knowe and ran down to join the maintained dyke at the main road whilst in 1855 a drystone dyke ran across the end of the knowe on the western side. The source of the stone used for these dykes is not recorded. No structural remains are now visible at the site.</p><br>
<p>Castle knowe is now a sub-circular, grass-covered mound, about 20.0 m in diameter across the top, 4.0 m high on the North, and about 2.0 m on the South. The South side of the knowe shows clear indications of having been cut into, probably by ploughing and the placing of the drystone dyke shown on the 1855 map.</p><br>
<h3>Tumulus</h3><br>
<p>It has been considered to be a burial mound or tumulus. When the stone ramparts were removed in the 1890s an oblong cavity was uncovered in the centre that extended across the entire top of the mound and was about 6 ft to 8 ft in width and depth. The walls were of neatly built drystone construction devoid of cement or mortar and the interior was filled with fallen earth and stones with no indication of what had formed the roof.</p><br>
<h3>Souterrain</h3><br>
<p>Souterrains are not commonly known in the Ayrshire context however features such as the description of the oblong cavity and its lack of a stone roof are suggestive of these structures that are mainly known in Cornwall, Ireland and the North-East Pict lands of Scotland.</p><br>
<h3>Finds</h3><br>
<p>It was reported in 1896 that querns or hand mills had been found in the area indicating dwellings nearby. although despite many yeaars of ploughing at the site the farmer reported a lack of any finds.</p><br>
<h2>Kilruskin Toll</h2><br>
<p>A toll house was once located near the Castle Knowe at the junction of the Kilruskin Road with the West Kilbride to Fairlie road.</p><br>
<h2>Micro-history</h2><br>
<p>The Kilruskin Woods run up towards the Hunterston Conveyor overbridge.</p><br>
<p>A water mill existed at North Kilruskin powered by the Kilruskin Burn and a mill pond with sluice arrangement. The mill worked using water power into the 1940s.</p><br>
<p>St. Mary&#39;s Episcopal Church Complex is a historic Episcopal church complex located at Springfield Center, Otsego County, New York. The church was built in 1889, and moved to its present site in 1902. The complex also includes the parish hall, the rectory, and the wagon shed. The Fin de siécle church building exhibits an unusual combination of Shingle and Gothic Revival styles and designed to evoke the feel of a medieval English chapel. The rectory was built in 1902, and is a two-story, Queen Anne style frame dwelling with a one-story wraparound porch. The parish hall was built in 1910-1911, and is a two-story, Gothic Revival style stuccoed and shingled building that complements the church.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<p>The Bath Historic District encompasses the historic 19th-century business district of Bath, Maine, along with an adjacent period neighborhood. The city has a long history as one of the nation&#39;s preeminent shipbuilding centers. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>What is now the city of Bath was first settled by Europeans in mid-17th century, and was from an early date recognized as an ideal spot for shipbuilding. It is set on a stretch of the lower Kennebec River that was originally called Long Reach, because it could be sailed without changing the rigging. The town was incorporated as Bath in 1781, named after Bath, England. In the 19th century the city grew up on the west bank of the river, with the banks lined by shipyards. West of the river neighborhoods grew up north and south of a central business district, now located just north of United States Route 1. The neighborhood north of the downtown area is where some of it finest early residential architecture is to be found. The citys fortunes started to decline with the advent of steel ships, but the 1889 founding of the Bath Iron Works (now the citys only shipyard), and its success as a major shipbuilder for the United States Navy buoyed the local economy.</p><br>
<p>The historic district is bounded on the south by US 1 and Centre Street, on the west by High Street, the north by Beacon Street, and the east by the Kennebec River. The downtown is located in the southeastern part of this area, and includes fine mid-19th buildings such as the former United States Customhouse and Post Office, designed by Ammi B. Young and built in 1853-58, the Sagadahoc County Courthouse, built 1869 to a design by Portland architect Francis H. Fassett, and the Italianate 1863 Church Block. The residential areas to the north and west include fine examples of Italianate and Greek Revival architecture.</p><br>
<p>The School Street Duplexes are a pair of historic two-family worker houses at 343-345 and 347-349 School Street in Bennington, Vermont. Built about 1916, they are well-preserved examples of typical worker housing units of the 1910s. They were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The School Street duplexes stand north of downtown Bennington, on the east side of School Street at its junction with County Street. The two buildings are nearly identical two-story wood frame structures, with side gable roofs, clapboard siding, and fieldstone foundations. Their front facades are four bays wide, with entrances in the center two bays. Each has a hipped-roof single-story porch extending across the front facade, with Queen Anne style turned balustrades and posts. The interiors of both buildings retain trim and other details original to their period of construction.</p><br>
<p>These two houses were built sometime between 1916 and 1921, during a period of prosperity in Bennington that followed the First World War. They were built by two local residents as a speculative venture to provide rental housing to workers in the nearby mills (located a short walk away), and were probably identical in design as an economic measure to reduce costs. They went through only a few owners prior to their acquisition in 1990 by the Regional Affordable Housing Corporation, which rehabilitated the buildings and converted them into a four-unit condominium complex.</p><br>
<p>The Heber Springs Commercial Historic District encompasses the early commercial heart of Heber Springs, Arkansas. The district extends along Main Street, between Broadway and 6th Street, including several buildings along some of the cross streets. The area was developed beginning in 1881, and grew in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, featuring a diversity of commercial architecture from that period. Prominent buildings include the Cleburne County Courthouse  and the Morton Building at 101 South 3rd Street, the city&#39;s oldest surviving commercial building .</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009. It includes several individually listed properties, including the courthouse, the T.E. Olmstead & Son Funeral Home, and the Woman&#39;s Community Club Band Shell in Spring Park.</p><br>
<p>The Arvine and Elizabeth W. White House is a historical residence located in Albia, Iowa, United States. It is the only brick house in town that remains from before the American Civil War. The vernacular-style house has an Adamesque character about it, and it is reminiscent of the style popularized in by Charles Bulfinch and advocated by Asher Benjamin as late as the 1840s. Because White was originally from the Western Reserve of Ohio he was no doubt familiar with the style as it was popular there. The two-story brick house rests on a foundation of native limestone, and it is capped with a hipped roof. It is four bays across the front with the main entrance in the first bay from the left. The house also features a cornice, bracketed eaves, and a 1½-story wing attached to the rear of the main block. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Henry County Courthouse, located at 307 West Center Street in Cambridge, is the county courthouse serving Henry County, Illinois. Built in 1878-1880, the courthouse is the fourth used in Henry County and the second built in Cambridge. Prominent Midwestern architects T. J. Tolan and Son designed the courthouses in the Second Empire style. The courthouses four facades each feature three pavilions, one at the center and one at each edge; the main facade on the east side has a clock tower atop its central pavilion. The buildings mansard roof includes several dormers and is surrounded by a dentillated cornice. Decorative stone elements such as moldings, belt courses, and quoins are used throughout the building.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 20, 2004.</p><br>
<p>Dehnasar Lake is a high-altitude freshwater lake in Barot Valley, Himachal Pradesh.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Lake lies at 4,280 m above mean sea level, in Kangra District. Although, the proximity of the location is approachable near to Barot and Joginder Nagar in Mandi district.</p><br>
<p>Lake is situated beside rocky cliffs of the top of the mountain and derives its water from the snow. It remains frozen under a thick coat of snow during winters. Blizzards and hailstorms are common due to high altitude and therefore trekkers and pilgrims are advised to take precautions with them before leaving for the journey. Temporary accommodations and tents are raised up near the location of lake during pilgrimage season that falls in July to September every year. Shepherds are commonly sighted along the trek during pilgrimage besides rare varieties of herbs and flowers.</p><br>
<h2>Getting there</h2><br>
<p>Joginder Nagar is the nearest major town at a crow fly distance of 20 kilometres while Barot is 12 km away. Although, the base location to trek uphil towards the lake is at Polling village, 9 km northwards Barot which is well accessible through road up to Lohardi (6 km road distance from Barot ). The moderate difficulty 14 kilometres uphill trek opens after June due to heavy snowfall in winters and closes after September for the winter months.</p><br>
<p>There are two alternate routes towards the lake in Barot Valley.</p><br>
<p>Jogindernagar-Barot-Lohardi-Polling-Dehnasar Lake.</p><br>
<p>Jogindernagar-Thaltukhod-Dehnasar Lake.</p><br>
<p>Trek via Lohardi is the most commonly used and shortest due to steep gradient. Thaltukhod trek is more lengthy and time consuming due to gentle slopes upwards.</p><br>
<p>On the other hand, side, the lake is approachable through another trek that starts from the opposite side of Kullu Valley. It can take more than 3 days to complete to and fro journey using this route.</p><br>
<p>Kullu-Lag Valley-Sari Pass-Dehnasar Lake</p><br>
<h2>Religious significance</h2><br>
<p>According to the Mythology, the lake is abode to Goddess Parvati who is said to visit the lake in Bhadrapada month of Hindu calendar which generally falls in August or September. It is also believed that whosoever preaches Sun God while standing in water get their wishes fulfilled.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. George A. Jenkins House is a historic house located at 223 South C Street in Albia, Iowa.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1926, it is the largest Tudor Revival house in the city. The 2½-story, wood-framed house features a symmetrical facade, and half-timbering that is associated with the style. It is capped with a steeply pitched gable roof and gable dormers. It has an unusual exterior cladding of concrete with river gravel cobblestone set in the wet concrete during construction. The hen&#39;s egg sized stones are more than likely from the Des Moines River near Eddyville, Iowa, as they are consistent with other rocks available from that location.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 5, 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Frederick Francis Woodland Palace is a historic house located in Francis Park 2.5 mi northeast of Kewanee, Illinois. Frederick Francis, a multi-talented architect, engineer, and artist, began work on the house in 1889; while he and his wife moved into the house a year later, he continued to work on it until his death in 1926. The house has an eclectic design noted both for its vernacular interpretation of Queen Anne and Romanesque Revival architecture and its innovative engineering. The buildings exterior design includes a hand-chipped brick exterior, a concrete tower above the main entrance, two porches on the south side, a solarium on the west side, and a gambrel roof. The interiors noteworthy features include a bedroom designed like a Pullman sleeping car, a system of levers which opened both front doors at once, a hearth with a flue system that also helped heat the house, a water filtration and heating system supplied by a cistern, and several secret compartments.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 14, 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Elbert-Bates House is a historical residence located in Albia, Iowa, United States. The house is named for two of its earlier owners. Benjamin F. Elbert was Cashier and member of the board of directors of the First National Bank of Albia, as well as a capitalist farmer who specialized in cattle. He relocated to Des Moines where he was a successful businessman. David W. Bates was a local attorney and banker. He went to serve as the Iowa State Superintendent of Banking during the Great Depression. Elbert had the original house built from 1873 to 1875. Bates had the two-story Prairie Style-influenced solarium built onto the rear of the house from 1917 to 1918. The house originally had a wooden porch on the front, but because of extensive wood rot it was removed at the same time the solarium was added.</p><br>
<p>The house is a vernacular form of the Italianate style. It is one of four large brick houses in Albia known as the Four Sisters. They all feature a running brick bonding on their exterior walls. It is an unusual architectural feature for southern Iowa in the period they were built, and it also suggests they have the same architect and/or brick mason. The T.B. Perry House, one of the other houses in this group, was designed by Burlington, Iowa architect Charles A. Dunham. He was also responsible for the Vermilion Estate in adjacent Appanoose County, which is similar in style to the original block of this house. It is possible he is the architect for all of these houses. The Elbert-Bates house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Anglican Church of St Stephen in Charlton Musgrove in the English county of Somerset was built in the 13th century. It is a Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<p>The church was associated with Bruton Priory in the 12th century. Members of the Leir family have been rectors from 1661 until 1976. The Victorian restoration in 1884 caused conflict as the rector Charles Edward Lier has not obtained the relevant permissions from the bishop.</p><br>
<p>The stone building has slate roofs. It consists of a three bay nave and two bay chancel with a three-stage west tower which houses three bells and is decorated with hunky punks and gargoyles. Inside the church are an octagonal font dating from the 17th century and a hatchment from 1660.</p><br>
<p>The parish is part of the benefice of Charlton Musgrove, Cucklington and Stoke Trister within the Diocese of Bath and Wells.</p><br>
<p>The T.B. Perry House is a historical residence located in Albia, Iowa, United States. Theodore Perry was a local attorney and businessman who served two terms in the Iowa Senate. He is also responsible for a couple of buildings in the Albia Square and Central Commercial Historic District. This house is a High Victorian eclectic style structure. It is one of four large brick houses in Albia known as the Four Sisters. They all feature a running brick bond on their exterior walls. It is an unusual architectural feature for southern Iowa in the period they were built, and it also suggests they have the same architect and/or brick mason. The Elbert-Bates House is another house in this group. The Perry house was designed by Charles A. Dunham from the prominent Burlington, Iowa architectural firm of Dunham & Jordan. It is noteworthy for its elaborate roofing system. It features five dormer windows, two hip-and-deck roofs, three gable roofs, and two hipped roofs. The steeply pitched roof also has finials, pendants, and brackets with a modified frieze under the eaves. Other elements of the richly ornamented exterior include barge boards on the second story and entry gables, and a front porch with Gothic tracery millwork. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Noble-Kendall House, also known as Kendall Place, is a historical residence located in Albia, Iowa, United States. Alvis E. Noble was a local businessman and contractor who operated a concrete block factory. He and his wife Cordelia had this house built after their previous house was destroyed in a fire. Completed in 1907, it was built with concrete block, which was an unusual building material for residential construction at the time.</p><br>
<p>This Neoclassical-style house is also associated with Nathan E. Kendall. He was a local attorney who became a politician. A Republican, he was elected to the Iowa House of Representatives in 1899, and served as Speaker of the House during the 32nd and 32nd extra sessions. From 1909 to 1913 he served the United States House of Representatives representing Iowas 6th congressional district. Because of health concerns, he pulled out of the 1912 race and returned to Albia to practice law. He and his wifer Belle bought his house in 1916. Kendall was then elected the 23rd Governor of Iowa in 1920, and served two terms. Ill health plagued his second term. The Kendalls remained in Des Moines after he was governor, eventually living in the home he bought from his colleague Senator Albert B. Cummins. The Kendalls donated their house in Albia to the Albia Woman&#39;s Club. From that time it has been known as "Kendall Place", and it has been used as a club house and community meeting center. Nathan Kendall had his cremated remains buried on the lawn of Kendall Place in 1936. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Buxton Historic Townsite is a historical site located east of Lovilia, Iowa, United States in rural Monroe County. The unincorporated community was founded in 1895, developed by the Chicago and Northwestern Railway as a coal mining company town to supply the railroad. It was a racially integrated community, in 1905 consisting of European immigrants and a majority-African American population, that was developed in the midst of southern Iowa coalfields.</p><br>
<p>With changes in the industry and conversion of locomotives to electric or diesel operations in the early 20th century, mining declined here. A large fire in 1916 added to the exodus of population as well. By 1927 the community had lost all of its residents. The town site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>J.E. Buxton came to Iowa in the mid-1880s as an agent for the Consolidation Coal Company. Consolidation was a division of the Chicago and Northwestern Railway, and it mined coal in Iowa to fuel the company&#39;s trains. His son Ben succeeded him, and he was faced with a lack of workers, strikes, and the increased demand for workers from his competitors. The company sent H.A. Armstrong to the Southern United States to recruit African-American workers and white workers from nearby coal mines as strike breakers and cheap labor.</p><br>
<p>As the mines in Muchakinock in adjacent Mahaska County started to decline, the railroad extended its line to Monroe County. Ben Buxton, who became president of Consolidation Coal, founded his namesake town in 1895. All the coal mined there was bought by the railroad, which resulted in steady work for the miners and relatively high wages.</p><br>
<p>Ackers Coal Company and the Regal Coal Company opened mines near Buxton in the early 20th century. By that time Buxton grew to be the largest coal town west of the Mississippi River, and the largest unincorporated community in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Buxton was a company town. Consolidation Coals headquarters were located there. They built houses, schools, parks, a YMCA, and other establishments. The companys security guards acted as a police force. A department store, the Monroe Mercantile Company, was established in 1901. It employed 100 people until it burned down in 1911. The department store opened the same year as the post office. The town also had its own baseball team, known as the Buxton Wonders.</p><br>
<p>The residents developed a strong community, and African Americans made good lives for their families. It was a place served by African-American doctors and lawyers, as well as teachers. Several African-American citizens from Buxton rose to state and national prominence. E.A. Carter was the first black graduate from the University of Iowa College of Medicine. He returned to Buxton in 1907 to become assistant chief surgeon for Consolidation Coal; he was promoted to chief surgeon in 1915.</p><br>
<p>Attorney George H. Woodson co-founded the Niagara Movement in 1905. It became the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1909. Woodson and fellow Buxton attorney Samuel Joe Brown later were co-founders, along with three other attorneys, of the National Bar Association in 1925, a black professional association.</p><br>
<p>Coal production reached its peak in 1914. African Americans had started to leave the town in 1911, and by 1915 European Americans were in the majority. More residents left after large fires destroyed parts of the town in 1916. By 1919 only about 400 people remained in Buxton. Most of the nearby mines were closed in the early 1920s because of decreased demand for coal to power locomotives.</p><br>
<p>In 1923 Consolidation&#39;s headquarters were moved to Haydock in western Monroe County. The same year the Buxton post office closed. The Chicago and Northwestern Railway ceased operations in the area in 1935, and the tracks were removed the following year. Subsequently, most of the remaining buildings in the town were torn down, and much of the land is either forested or farmed. A few structures from the town remain as ruins.</p><br>
<h2>Representation in other media</h2><br>
<p>The Kewanee Public Library is a Carnegie library located at 102 South Tremont Street in Kewanee, Illinois. The library was built in 1907-08 to house the citys public library, which was formed in 1875 and had previously occupied a room in the town hall. The citys first attempt at building a Carnegie library came in 1901, but it could not secure funding to match Carnegies $20,000 grant; later in the decade, it approved additional community funding and convinced Carnegie to supply an additional $5,000. Chicago architects Patton & Miller, who were well known for their work on Carnegie libraries, designed the Classical Revival building. The librarys design includes an entrance flanked by four stone columns and topped by a portico, stone pilasters to either side of the front windows, and a classical entablature with a frieze and dentillated cornice.</p><br>
<p>The library was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 31, 2006.</p><br>
<p>Conejo Mountain is a 1,814 feet high mountain in Camarillo, CA. It is located by the Newbury Park border and may be reached from trails leading for instance from Pepper Tree Playfield and Dos Vientos Community Park via Dos Vientos Open Space in southwestern Newbury Park. Mining operations have been ongoing here since 1959 and most of the mountain is owned by the Pacific Rock mining operation. The Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy, Pleasant Valley Recreation and Park District and Conejo Open Space Conservation Agency have interest in administrating the area as protected open-space.</p><br>
<p>The term is sometimes implied for the Conejo Mountain Range (the Conejo Hills or Conejo Mountains), which makes up the eastern, northern, and southeastern ridges along the Conejo Valley (the Santa Monica Mountains make up the valley’s southern edges).</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
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<p>St Brigid&#39;s Church is a heritage-listed Roman Catholic church at 523 Stuart Drive, Stuart, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1904. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St Brigids Church at Stewarts Creek (later Stuart) was constructed in 1904 by Townsville builders Doig & Ritchie, who also supplied 8 timber pews. Messrs Rooney and Co of Townsville (builders, sawmillers and joiners) supplied the pine altar and other furnishings.</p><br>
<p>Title to the initially 50 acre (20.23ha) site was acquired by Fr William Mason Walsh, the parish priest at Townsville, in 1885, but it took nearly 20 years before a church was erected and furnished, at a cost of about £225 - illustrating the relative poverty of the local Catholic community. The building was opened on 2 October 1904 by the Right Rev. Dr Murray, Vicar Apostolic of Cooktown, who had journeyed from Cairns to Townsville especially for the purpose.</p><br>
<p>In 1904, Stewarts Creek was under the administration of St Josephs on The Strand, which still lay within the Diocese of Rockhampton. Later it came under the jurisdiction of the parishes of West End and then Mundingburra, before Stewarts Creek was established as a separate parish in 1945. Father TA Kelly was appointed the first pastor of Stewarts Creek, and a presbytery was erected adjacent to the church in 1946, at a cost of £1,680.</p><br>
<p>The church has been painted many times since 1904 and the wooden stumps were replaced in 1974 with steel pipe stumps. The care with which this building has been maintained since 1904 has preserved its integrity.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St Brigid&#39;s Church (1904) stands in a semi-rural setting facing Flinders Highway (Stuart Drive) in the suburb of Stuart. It is a traditional timber and corrugated iron building with Gothic features of the Federation era. Chamferboards are attached to the exposed stud frame which is diagonally braced and strengthened additionally by timber buttresses. Plain bargeboards and a decorative fretwork panel highlights the frontal gable. Two sets of railed wooden stairs lead to a decorative open porch. A sacristy is attached to the north side and the whole structure is supported by modern steel stumps.</p><br>
<p>An elaborately carved wooden altar, flanked by a pair of marble angels, dominates the interior. Pointed windows, a timber vaulted ceiling and the original wooden pews complete the interior furnishing.</p><br>
<p>The 1946 presbytery is located within the churchyard, approximately 10 metres north-west of the church. It is an idiosyncratic structure, having single layer (4 in) brick external walls in stretcher bond set high on a substantial concrete column and beam frame. In plan it comprises a rectangular brick core of three non-connecting rooms, each of which has front and back French doors with Arctic glass and fanlight above, opening to a wide encircling verandah. This verandah was open initially but has been enclosed with fibrous cement sheeting and windows, and lined internally with fibreboard. The street elevation has a raised cross centrally mounted. The whole is surmounted by a hipped roof of corrugated metal sheeting. The upper level is accessed on the southern side via a set of steps with a metal balustrade.</p><br>
<p>The church grounds are grassed and contain a number of mature trees, including a grey bloodwood (Eucalyptus clarksonia), white fig (Ficus virens), black bean (Castanospermum australe) and African mahogany (Khaya senegalensis). Toward the front of the churchyard, between the church and the presbytery, is a steel-framed bell tower and bell.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St Brigid&#39;s Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Brigid&#39;s Church at Stuart is important historically for its association with the expansion of the Catholic Church in the Townsville area in the late 19th/early 20th centuries, during the consolidation of Townsville as a major regional centre.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Though similar to Catholic churches at Brandon and Torrens Creek, St Brigid&#39;s Church at Stuart remains highly intact and is a particularly fine example of a gabled, exposed-frame timber church with a timber vaulted ceiling and Gothic motifs, including lancet windows.</p><br>
<p>It retains most of the original furnishings, including the carved timber altar and timber pews.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It remains an exceptional timber church, combining style and appeal with simplicity. It contributes pleasingly to the landscape along the Flinders Highway.</p><br>
<p>Ruakuri Cave is the longest underground cave in the Waitomo area of New Zealand. It was first discovered by local Māori between 400 and 500 years ago. The name Ruakuri, or “den of dogs” was created when wild dogs were discovered making their home in the cave entrance some 300 years later.</p><br>
<p>The cave entrance was used by the Maori as an urupa or burial site. It is this sacred area that has now been protected with the construction of the impressive spiral drum entrance some distance away.</p><br>
<p>Ruakuri is the only wheelchair-accessible cave in the Southern Hemisphere. It is well known for its spiritual links to Māori and its unusual limestone formations and caverns.</p><br>
<p>Major features of the Ruakuri Cave include Holdens Cavern (named after James Holden who first opened the cave to the public), The Drum Passage, The Pretties and The Ghost Passage.</p><br>
<p>The cave was open to the public from 1904 until 1988, when it was closed due to a legal and financial dispute. It was reopened in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Inside there is a dynamic natural environment, with glowworms, limestone formations, underground rivers, and hidden waterfalls.</p><br>
<h2>Guided tours</h2><br>
<p>The guided tour through the Ruakuri Cave starts down a long spiral ramp to the bottom of the cave. This leads to a room full of stalactites, and rare limestone formations that have been created over millions of years. Some of which are covered with a kind of coral (known locally as “popcorn”). There are also underground rivers and waterfalls. The waterfall is only around one and a half metres deep, but it sounds much louder underground.</p><br>
<p>Also in the cave are fossils, a remnant from the time when the area was beneath the sea. There are still living creatures in the cave such as: the glowworms for which the Waitomo Caves are famous. The walls of the glowworm caves were covered with pinpricks of light, giving the effect of a starry night.</p><br>
<p>The glowworms are the larvae of fungus gnats, but they spend most of their lives in the larval state. Amazingly they manage to find food – insects that fly into the cave, or occasionally they just eat one another! Surrounded by life and light, in a place that should be dark and dead, is the reason the Maori thought that there was something special about this place.</p><br>
<p>The Moses Carlton House is a historic house on Hollywood Boulevard in Alna, Maine. Built in 1810 by Moses Carlton, a prominent area businessman, as a wedding present for his daughter, it and its associated outbuildings are a well-preserved example of an early 19th-century Maine farmstead. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Moses Carlton House stands in a rural area east of the village of Head Tide, on 37 acre overlooking the Sheepscot River. The house and its associated outbuildings stand among fields on the north side of Hollywood Boulevard, about 0.2 mi east of Maine State Route 94. The house is surrounded by two barns and a carriage shed, all of 19th-century construction. The house is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, five bays wide, with a side gable roof, clapboard siding, and a granite foundation. The main facade faces south, and has a center entrance flanked by pilasters and topped by a four-light transom window and corniced entablature. A single-story ell extends to the rear. The interior follows a center-chimney plan, with a narrow winding stair in the entry vestibule, with parlors on either side of the chimney, and the old kitchen behind it.</p><br>
<p>Moses Carlton was one of the leading businessmen of nearby Wiscasset, which was the largest shipping port east of Boston in the 1790s. Carleton had five daughters, and built a house for each one, either in Alna or neighboring Whitefield. This house was probably built sometime between 1796 and 1810, for his daughter Elizabeth and her husband John Dole, who were married in 1796 and known to be occupying the house in 1810. It was sold out of the Carleton family in 1866.</p><br>
<p>The Jenny Lind Chapel is a historic church located at the southwest corner of 6th and Oak Streets in Andover, Illinois. Completed in 1851 for a congregation founded the previous year, the church was the first built by the Augustana Synod, the main Swedish Lutheran church in America. Pastor Lars Paul Ebsjorn founded the church for local Swedes who still wished to worship with the Church of Sweden; many were former members of the nearby Bishop Hill Colony who had lost faith in Eric Janssons teachings, while the others were Swedes who had immigrated to the area due to the colonys fame. The church was named in honor of Swedish opera singer Jenny Lind, who donated $1,500 for its construction. The building has a simple design with Greek Revival features, a common form for small rural churches of the era.</p><br>
<p>The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 1, 1975.</p><br>
